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大学英语四级讲义 reading in depth.ppt

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1、CET-4 Part 2,Reading,解题步骤,(1)快速阅读文章后的4-5道题目,并将题目中的关键词(一般为实词,并且含有重要信息)用笔标注下来。这样做的目的有两个:一是以获得奖要阅读的文章的大概意思,二是为解题做好准备。 (2)一边阅读一边划出文章中的含有重要信息的词、短语或句子。 (3)解题时首先根据其提问方式判断当前的题目属于那种题型,然后用不同的方法解不同的题目。,Reading in Depth,题型: 主旨大意题 细节事实题 词汇题 推理判断题 观点态度题,主旨大意题,主旨就是主题思想,主旨大意题的目的在于考查考生对所给材料全文或某个段落中心思想的理解、概括能力。 主旨大意题

2、主要包括: 确定文章的主题(theme或topic); 总结文章或段落大意(main idea); 以及给出适合的标题(title)。,主旨大意题 解题技巧,(1)所选的选项应能概括全文的中心思想,不能只是概括某一段或某几段的主题的选项。 (2)所选的选项应准确,即:不能有任何违背原文的地方。 (3)尽量避免选择有绝对词的选项。 如all, completely, only, almost, absolutely, definitely等 (4)仔细比较意义相近的选项中词义的细微差别。,解题关键,(1)找出具有归纳、概括的信息 Directions: Choose the most gener

3、al word.A. chemistB. physicistC. scientistD. biologist,解题关键,(1)找出具有归纳、概括的信息 Directions: Choose the most general sentence. A. The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily. B. There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Golden Bay Inn. C. The coin-operated laundry room has a

4、n ironing board. D. There are a number of extra services at the Golden Bay Inn including babysitting.,解题关键,(2)主题思想应能恰如其分的概括文中所阐述的内容。 主题思想的涵盖面不能太窄,即:不足以概括全部内容;但是主题思想的涵盖面也不能太宽,即:包含了文中没有阐述的内容。 主旨大意题的另一种形式是为短文选择合适的标题 。,According to legend, the gods of the ancient Greeks lived in the clouds on the top of

5、 Mount Olympus. Zeus, the father of the gods, carried a bolt of lightning in his hand and ruled like an earthly king. Apollo was the sun god and his beams were golden arrows; he shielded the flocks of sheep and the fields of grain. Athena was the warrior goddess, standing in shining armor ready to p

6、rotect the Greek cities. There were other gods as well, all with familiar human characteristics, but these were the leading gods.A. The Gods of the Ancient GreeksB. The Legend of the Sky God ZeusC. Beliefs of the Ancient GreeksD. Religions of the Past,There is a simple economic principle used to det

7、ermine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much great

8、er than the supply, then the price rises. Of course, manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.A. Economic PrinciplesB. Law of Supply and DemandC. More Goods, Lower PricesD. Fewer Goods, Higher Prices,解题关键,(3)注意文章的开头和结尾 一段文章的主题思想常常由主题句(Topic Sentence)表达。主题句常常位于段首或段尾处,间或出现在段落中间。同样,一

9、篇文章的主题思想也常常在开始段或结尾段点出。,English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.,Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others pref

10、er to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. Not one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,For adults a cold is not that serious. However, this is not the case for children. Cold symptoms in children may be signs of m

11、ore serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention.,在确定一篇文章的主题思想时,我们通常用快读的方法,从头到尾将文章浏览一遍,注意不要被个别词、句难住而停下来。要从上下文的连贯意思上来理解文章阐述的内容,以及有关这个主题我们了解了什么。这样,就可以比较有把握的概括出主题思想了。,细节事实题,从微观上了解短文透露的具体信息,如时间、地点、人物、物体、性格、特征、长度、距离、过程、原因、条件、结果等。反映在考题上,就是具体情境题,即对文中具体事实和细节(fact and details)进行提问。有时候,这类题目会进

12、一步演化为是非判断题(true or false),考察学生一定的判别、排除以及记忆能力。,细节事实题 命题规律,(1)列举处常考 列举处指的是 First,., Second,., Third,., 等并列关系词出现的部分。要求考生从列举出的内容中,选出符合题干要求的答案项。列举方式有时不用数字排序, 而是采取句式排比的方式进行。,细节事实题 命题规律,(2)举例与打比方的地方常考 为了使自己的观点更具有说服力,更加明确,作者常以具体的例子来佐证。这些例子或比喻常会成为考点,因此考生应对那些引出这些例子或比喻的标志词加以注意。这类词很多,常见的有as, such, for example,

13、for instance, in a case, in point 等。,细节事实题 命题规律,(3)(指示)代词出现处常考 这类考题,常用来考查考生是否真正理解上下文之间的句际关系和意义。 (4)引用人物论断处常考 作者为正确表达自己观点或使论点更有依据,常会引用某些权威人士的论断或采纳其重要发现等。命题者常在此处做文章。,细节事实题 命题规律,(5)特殊标点符号后的内容常考 由于特殊标点符号后的内容常是对前面内容的进一步解释和说明, 因此命题者常对标点符号后的内容进行提问。具体说,特殊标点符号包括:破折号(表解释),括号(表解释),冒号(表解释),引号(表引用)。,细节事实题 出题类型,(

14、1)特殊疑问句 以what, who, when, how, where等引导的问题 A. What do we know about.? B. Why is (are)? C. How many (much)in this article? D. In what year? E. In what way? F. According to the passage, who (what, where, when)?,细节事实题 出题类型,(2)正误判断题 通常询问文章中所述的事情是否真实,某种提法是否正确或文章(作者)是否提及某事。 Which of the following statemen

15、ts is (not) true? Which of the following is (not) mentioned in the article? Which of the following does not explain? Which of the following statements is wrong according to the author? Which of the following is NOT listed as? All of the following are true except? The author mentions all of the items

16、 listed below except? The author (passage) does not tell us?,细节事实题 出题类型,(3)填空题 通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节,但涉及的范围比错误判断题要广。 The real cause is _. According to the author, the techniques can be used to _. The author states that _. The experiment shows that Mr. X expects (hopes, wishes) _. Mr. X expects (hopes, wis

17、hes) _,细节事实题 干扰特点,(1)与原句内容相反; (2)与原文内容一半相同一半不同; (3)与原句内容相似但过于绝对化; (4)原文中根本没提到。,一般来说,阅读理解测试中要求找出主要事实或特定细节的问题,在文章中均可找到答案。但是,需要注意的是,这些问题的表述常常不是采用文章中的原话,而是使用同义的词语来进行提问。,细节事实题 解题关键,细节事实题 解题关键,认真审题,看清问题提问的究竟是什么。 根据所涉及的问题,快速扫视文章中相应的部分,找到与答题内容相关的关键词或短语,再细读一、两遍。在查到的关键词句下面应划线,以引起注意,便于参考与复查。 在确信理解了原文的基础上,来确定正确

18、答案。,细节事实题 解题注意,1. 当问及时间、距离以及其它用数字表示的细节时,有时需要进行计算方能得出答案。应要把计算过程简单列出,不可随意心算一下即确定答案。 2. 当问题要求对某一事实做出正误判断或询问文中是否提及某一事实时,我们应先把所给的选择项大体上看一下,做到心中有数。然后,根据选择项中提供的线索,寻书找到文章中相应的部分,细读一下有关内容。与文中内容一致的即可肯定,不一致的即可否定。,细节事实题 解题注意,3. 在寻找细节时,须准确理解代词指代的对象。通常,我们可根据上下文的句子结构、主谓一致关系以及语义关系等来确定所指代的内容。 4. 注意文章的结构安排。在浏览过程中,还应该注

19、意文章的结构安排,注意段与段、细节与细节之间的关系。(主题句、关键词、信号词),词汇题,词汇题主要包括两种命题形式: 找出与文中某个词语同义、近义或者反义的选项,简称关键词(key word)题; 判断一般性词语在特定语境中的特殊含义,即转义(paraphrased word)题。 方法: 找到该词在原文中的位置,然后根据上下文所提供的各种线索猜测或确定它们的词义。,词汇题 常考内容,(1)可以通过上下文猜测出的超纲词,即四级考试大纲以外的词。 (2)具有生僻意义的大纲以内的词,这类词考生所记的是常用的词义,但在特定的上下文中却有特定的意义。 (3)代词,要求考生理解上下文,找出指代关系,常以

20、What does the underlined word refer to?/The underlined word “them” means.等等形式出现。,词汇题 解题技巧,(1)针对性解释作者为了更好的表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所做的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义是比较容易的。,词汇题 针对性解释,A. 根据定义猜测词义 Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知,anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。 “In slang, the term jam constit

21、utes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.” jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。,词汇题 针对性解释,A. 根据定义猜测词义 Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知,anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。 定义句的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, def

22、ine, represent, signify, constitute等。,词汇题 针对性解释,B. 根据复述猜测词义 虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的信息足以使读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以是词、短语或者从句,这些一般都与所需猜测的词形成同位关系。,词汇题 针对性解释,B. 根据复述猜测词义 Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. Semantics: 对词意义进行研究的学科。 “语义学”,词汇题 针对性解释,B. 根

23、据复述猜测词义 Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. Capacitance -电容量。,词汇题 针对性解释,在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号或括号等。 需要注意的是:同位语前面还常用or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other等副词或短语出现。,词汇题 针对性解释,

24、C. 根据定语从句猜测词义 Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by sever seasonal mood swings. SAD “季节性情绪紊乱症”,词汇题 针对性解释,C. 根据例子猜测词义 The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geograph

25、ical area as they were in the past. epochal “重要的” 确切含义“划时代的”,词汇题 解题技巧,(2)内在逻辑关系 A. 根据对比关系猜测词义 在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。,词汇题 解题技巧,(2)内在逻辑关系 A. 根据对比关系猜测词义Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modes. humble and modes(谦卑又

26、谦虚) supercilious “目空一切的,傲慢的”,词汇题 解题技巧,(2)内在逻辑关系 A. 根据对比关系猜测词义 表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast和while引导的并列句等。 A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones. adept: 熟练的,词汇题 解题技巧,(2)内在逻辑关系 B. 根据比较关系猜测词义 比较关系表示意义上的相似关系, Gre

27、en loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious. loquacious “健谈的”。 表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly, like, just as, also等。,词汇题 解题技巧,C. 根据因果关系猜测词义 Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. autocratic指“独断专行的”,词汇题 解题技巧,C. 根据因果关系猜

28、测词义 There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.demonstrators: “示威者”elbow的词意 “挤,挤过”,词汇题 解题技巧,D. 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义 Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position

29、 at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. jeopardize “使. . . 陷入危险,危及、危害”,词汇题 解题技巧,D. 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义 Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. detrimental “不利的,有害的”,词汇题 解题技巧,(3)外部相关因素 外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。 Husban

30、d:Its really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb. 根据生活经验,天气寒冷时,手肯定是“冻僵的,冻得麻木的”。,词汇题 解题技巧,(3)外部相关因素 The snake slithered through the grass. 根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识,我们可以推断出slither词义为“爬行”。,词汇题 解题技巧,(4)构词法 He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes. semi- 半,部

31、分的,不完全的 Im illiterate about such things. il- 否定 Illiterate “一窍不通,不知道的”,词汇题 解题技巧,(4)构词法 Insecticide is applied where it is needed. -cide表示“杀者,杀灭剂” Then the vapor(汽) may change into droplets. -let表示“小的”,词根drop指“滴,滴状物” droplet 词义“小滴,微滴”。,词汇题 解题技巧,(4)构词法 Growing economic problems were highlighted by a s

32、lowdown in oil output. Highlight= high (高的,强的)+ light “以强光照射,使突出” Bullfight is very popular in Spain.,推理判断题 类型,(1) 局部推断 推断句子或段落的内容:表面文字信息和线索是推断的前提和依据,所以增强对能反映作者观点立场的线索的敏感性十分重要。 (2)全面推断 推测文章主题或内容以及文章上文或下文可能出现的内容。 (3)推测文章来源 问何种题材,体裁;文章可能选自何种专著等。,推理判断题 干扰点,(1)以假乱真,编造信息 (2)直接、间接不分 将文章中明确表达当成推理出来的。 (3)因果

33、颠倒 原文的原因变成了选项中的结果,或反之; (4)手段与目的颠倒 原文的手段变成了选项中的目的,或反之。,推理判断题,(1)判断 要求我们对文章中阐述的事实或细节,按照逻辑发展的规律,进行分析和概括,并以此为依据得出合乎逻辑的结论。我们将这个过程称作“判断”。,The male and female mosquitoes make an odd couple. The female is vampire(吸血鬼) and lives on blood. The male is a vegetarian that sips nectar(果汁;花蜜) and plant juices. Fem

34、ales of different species choose different hosts on which to dine. Some feed exclusively on cattle, horses, birds, and other warm-blooded creatures. Some favor cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man. Which is more harmful? Male or female?,推理判断题,(2)推理 推理就是以已知的事实为依据,来获得未知的信息。在阅读中,我们要善于利用文章中明确表示

35、的内容,进行正确的推理,以挖掘作者的隐含意思;要求进行推理的问题,在文中均找不到直接答案。如果问题要求理解某句或某段的含蓄意义,我们必须在文中找到所涉及的关键词语,仔细阅读一至两遍,吃透意思,并以此为根据,进行分析和推理。然后,再逐个考虑选项,选出答案。如果需要进行推理判断的内容涉及全文,则必须在理解通篇中心思想、掌握全文逻辑发展过程的基础上,才能进行正确的推理判断。,Like other opinions about the situation, Burkes predictably, and sensibly, forecasts a rise in unemployment among

36、the young. 从此句我们可以推理出: 1) Burke不是唯一持这种看法的人(根据like other opinions.)。 2)说话者同意Burke的关于年轻人失业现象要增多的看法,In 1980, Canada announced strict additional limits on ownership of energy companies by foreign institutions and individuals. Since these may no longer own more than 50 percent of such companies, sources

37、of capital for these corporations are now sharply restricted. A) Canadas 1980 limitations on energy-company ownership have caused some problems for these enterprises. B) After 1980, foreigners may not own a majority share in a Canadian company. C) Before 1980, there were no limitations of foreign in

38、dividuals owning Canadian energy companies.,观点态度题,观点态度题是推理判断题的一个特殊分支,即根据文章领会做声的态度和情绪,这类题要求考生从文章的叙述方法、语气和词句中把握作者对人与事的好恶,了解作者的态度和情感。其关键词有:purpose, opinion, intend (intention), attitude, tone, feel (feeling)等。,观点态度题,(1)有时作者先介绍了某一种观点,却接着在后面提出了相反的观点,因此,要正确判断作者的态度或观点,必须将上下文联系起来看,要注意文章中所陈述的内容并非都代表了作者的观点。(2)有时,作者通过使用词汇的手段,暗示了自己对文中某一具体问题所持的态度和观点。这时,我们要特别仔细琢磨文中所用词汇的特点,弄明白作者的态度是赞成还是反对,是肯定还是否定。,

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