1、Splanchnology 内脏学,Department of Anatomy Yunyang medical college,down,Up,目的和要求1. 掌握内脏学的概念，胸部的重要标志线和腹部的分区，了解内脏的一般结构。 2掌握消化系统的组成，了解其功能。 3了解口腔的分部、境界、唇、颊、腭的形态结构。 4掌握乳牙和恒牙的牙式，牙的形态结构。 5掌握舌的形态结构和粘膜特征，掌握颏舌肌的位置和作用。 6掌握唾液腺的位置和导管开口部位。 7掌握咽的位置、分部、各部的形态结构和交通，了解咽壁肌。掌握各扁桃体的位置和功能。 8掌握食管的起止、分段、位置及狭窄部位，了解食管壁的结构。,Chapt
2、er 4 The General Description,Difinition:means the study of viscera(alimentary system,respiratory system,urinary system and genital system) Association:morphology locationfunction origin,Up,down,. The general structure of viscera,) The tubular organ中空性器官mucosasubmucosamuscular coatsserosa/adventitia,
3、Up,down,)The parenchymatous organ实质性器官hilum/porta,. The reference line and abdominal regions,) The common used reference lines of the thorax胸部标志线Anterior median lineSternal lineMidclavicular lineParasternal lineAnterior axillary linePosterior axillary lineMidaxillary lineScapular linePosterior media
4、n line,Up,down,) Abdominal regions腹部分区QuadrantsNine-area method,Up,down,Chapter 5 The Alimentary System 消化系统,Up,down,Composition,Digestive tube消化管,Mouth口腔Pharynx咽Esophagus食管Stomach胃 Smallintestine小肠Large intestine,Duodenum,Jejunum,Ileum,Superior digestive tube,Inferior digestive tube,Up,down,Digesti
5、ve glands消化腺,Major salivary glands大唾液腺 Liver肝 Pancreas胰,Function: ingestion, digestion, absorption, egesting,Up,down,Section 1 The Oral Cavity 口腔,Consists of two parts Oral vestibule口腔前庭: between cheeks and lip and teeth Oral cavity proper固有口腔: within arch of teeth,Up,down,Oral vestibule leads, by t
6、he space behind the molar teeth, into the oral cavity proper,. Oral lips 口唇,. Cheek 颊 Papilla of parotid duct腮腺管乳头,Up,down,. Palate 腭,Two parts Hard palate: anterior 2/3, formed by the maxilla and palatine bone Soft palate: posterior 1/3 Velum palatinum 腭帆 Uvula 腭垂Palatoglossal arch 腭舌弓 Palatopharyn
7、geal arch 腭咽弓 tonsillar fossa 扁桃体窝,Up,down,Isthmus of fauces 咽峡 formed by uvula, posterior border of velum palatinum, both side of palatoglossal arches, and root of tongue.,down,Up,. Teeth,) Classification and arrangementTwo sets: Deciduous 乳牙 Permanent 恒牙 Classification: Incisors 切牙 Canine 尖牙 Premo
8、lars 前磨牙 Molars 磨牙,Up,down,牙的标示:Upper jaw Lower jaw in. in. can. mol. mol. DeciduousUpper jaw 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Lower jawPermanent ? 4 ?,Up,down,Left,Right,) General feature Each tooth consists of 3 parts: Crown 牙冠 Neck 牙颈 Root 牙根 Dental cavity牙腔contains dental pulp( connective tissue, blood vessels an
9、d nerves), and is continuous with the periodontal tissue through the root canal and apical foramen.,Up,down,) Calcified tissues 牙组织 Dentine 牙质 Enamel 釉质 Cement 牙骨质 Dental pulp牙髓 ) Periodontal tissue 牙周组织 Periodontal membrane 牙周膜 Alveolar bone 牙槽骨 Gum 牙龈,Up,down,. Tongue 舌,) MorphologyDivided two par
10、ts by v-shaped terminal sulcus 界沟 Body of tongue 舌体ant. 2/3apex of tongue 舌尖 Root of tongue 舌根post. 1/3,Up,down,) Lingual mucous membrane Papillae of tongue 舌乳头 Filiform papillae fungiform papillae foliate papillae vallate papillae Lingual tonsil 舌扁桃体 masses of submucosal lymphoid tissue on the root
11、 of tongue,Up,down,contain taste buds,Frenulum of tongue舌系带a midline fold of mucous membrane connecting tongue to floor of mouth Sublingual caruncle舌下阜small elevation Sublingual fold舌下襞,Up,down,Inferior surface of tongue,) Muscles of tongue舌肌 Intrinsic muscles of tongue Extrinsic muscles of tongue I
12、nvolved in determining shape and position of tongue Genioglossus颏舌肌 Arises from mental spine of mandible and inserts into either side of midline of tongue Action: acting together draw tongue forward and downward; acting along making apex of tongue to opposite side,Up,down,. Major salivary glands,) P
13、arotid gland腮腺 Superficial part Deep part Parotid duct: opens into the mouth cavity, opposite the upper second molar tooth,Up,down,) Submandibular gland下颌下腺 Position: lies in submandibular triangle Duct opens on to sublingual caruncle,Up,down,) Sublingual gland舌下腺 position: situated beneath the muco
14、us membrane of the floor of mouth Ducts Major sublingual ductopens onto the sublingual caruncle Minor sublingual ductsopen onto the sublingual fold,Up,down,Section two The Pharynx 咽,. Location and General features A fibromuscular tube, part of digestive and respiratory systems Extends from base of s
15、kull to the inferior border of cricoid cartilage (lower border of C6 level),Up,down,. Division Three segments Nasopharynx鼻咽:Extends from the base of skull to level of soft palate Oropharynx口咽: Lies below soft palate, extends to upper border of epiglottis Laryngopharynx喉咽: Extends from upper border o
16、f epiglottis to the level of lower border of C6,Up,down,Features of each segmentsNasopharynx鼻咽 Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube咽鼓管咽口 Tubal torus咽鼓管圆枕 Pharyngeal recess咽隐窝 Tubal tonsil咽鼓管扁桃体 Pharyngeal tonsil咽扁桃体,Up,down,Up,down,Oropharynx口咽 Median glossoepiglottic fold舌会厌正中襞 Epiglottic vallecula会
17、厌谷 Palatine tonsil腭扁桃体lies within tonsillar fossa,Lymphatic ring咽淋巴环consists of pharyngeal tonsil, tubal tonsil, Palatine tonsil, and lingual tonsil, forming a circular band of lymphoid tissue at oropharyngeal isthmus,Laryngopharynx喉咽Piriform recess梨状隐窝a deep depression on each side of aperture of l
18、arynx,Up,down,Section 3 The Esophagus食管,. General features a muscular tuber about 25cm long, connecting the pharynx at level of C6 vertebra, passes through the diaphragm at level of T10 vertebra and after 12 cm enters the stomachDivision: Cervical part Thoracic part Abdominal part,Up,down,. Three co
19、nstrictions At its beginning, 15cm from incisors, lies at level of C6, is the narrowest part of the esophagus Where it is crossed by left main bronchus, 25cm from incisors, lies at level of intervertebral disc between T4 and T5. Where it passes through the esophageal hiatus of diaphragm, 40cm from incisors, at level of T10,Up,down,食管粘膜灰白色，皱缩。可见黄白色乳头状肿瘤向腔内突起。,Summary,Thank you !,
