1、Unit 8,The Cardiovascular System,New Words and Phrases alveolus n. ( alveoli pl. alveolar adj. )a tiny, thin-walled, capillary-rich sac in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place, also called air sac. 肺泡; 肺中薄壁的、富有毛细血管的小液囊,在这里氧气和二氧化碳进行交换 2. gaseous = gassy: 气体的, 气态的 liqu
2、id 液态的 / solid 固体的 e.g. a gaseous condition 气体状态 a gaseous mixture 气体混合物,3. pericardium: the membranous sac filled with serous fluidthat encloses the heart and the roots of the aorta and other large blood vessels 心包; 心包膜; 囊状膜层,其间充满了包围着绕心脏、大血管的根部和其它大血管的浆状液体 4. myocardium: the muscular tissue of the h
3、eart. 心肌层,5. aorta: n. the main trunk of the systemic arteries, carrying blood from the left side of the heart to the arteries of all limbs and organs except the lungs主动脉; 系统血管的主干道,将血液由心脏左侧输送到除肺部以外的所有肢体及器官 aortic adj. 主动脉的 6. cornea: 角膜 ( corneal adj.角膜的 ) iris 虹膜 / retina 视网膜 /sclera 巩膜,7.vena cava
4、 = caval vein: n . either of two large veins that drain blood from the upper body and from the lower body and empty into the right atrium of the heart 腔静脉; 把血从身体的上部和下部抽出然后流入心脏的右心房的两支大静脉之一vena n. (Latin)静脉 superior vena cava 上腔静脉 inferior vena cava 下腔静脉,8. Radial artery (P119)Brachial arteryCommon ca
5、rotid arteryFacial arteryTemporal arteryFemoral arteryPopliteal arteryPosterior tibial artery Dorsalis pedis artery,dorsalis pedis artery dorsal adj. 背的, 脊的, 器官或组 织的上表面 pedis (昆虫, 幼虫的)足popliteal artery An artery that is the continuation of the femoral artery in the popliteal (腿弯部的) space, bifurcatin
6、g(分叉)into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries, with branches to the lateral and medial (内侧的) superior genicular (膝的), middle genicular, lateral and medial inferior genicular, and sural (小腿腹的) arteries.,Popliteal Artery / VeinAs the femoral artery reaches the space behind the knee (known as th
7、e “popliteal fossa (窝)”, it becomes the popliteal artery. Branches of this artery supply blood to the knee joint and to muscles in the thigh and calf (小腿). Many of its branches also join the connecting nerve network of the knee to help to provide alternative routes in the case of artery obstruction.
8、The correspond- ing popliteal vein parallels the artery as it carries blood back to the heart.,9. capillary bed: the network of capillaries in a particular area or organ of the body 毛细管床; 身体某一特定区域或器官中毛细管的网络10. atrium: 心房 ( atrial- adj. 心房的 ) ventricle 室, 脑室, 心室 ( ventricular- adj. 心室的 )sinus 窦, 窦房结;
9、 瘘 ( sinoatrial- adj. 窦房的 ),11. deflection - n. 1) A turning aside or deviation. 2) The deviation of an indicator in a measuring instrument, such as an electrocardiograph, from zero or from its normal position.12. semilunar valve- n. One of three semilunar segments serving as the cusps(尖端) of a valv
10、e preventing regurgitation, ( 逆流) as in the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve.,13. septum: a thin partition or membrane that divides two cavities or soft masses of tissue in an organism隔膜; 生物体中分开空腔或组织软体的薄的隔开物或膜e.g. the nasal septum鼻中隔膜 the atrial septum of the heart = the interatrial septum 心房中隔s
11、eptal adj. 中隔的; 隔膜的,14. ligament: a sheet or band of tough, fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages at a joint or supporting an organ. 韧带; 一种带状或片状的坚韧的含纤维组织, 主要作用是关节处连接骨骼或软骨, 或支持、固定某一器官 15. stenosis：a constriction or narrowing of a duct or passage; a stricture（医学上）狭窄; 一个管子或通道的收缩或狭窄 e.g. mitral
12、stenosis二尖瓣狭窄,16. pacemaker: 1) the person who set the pace 2) a part of the body, such as the mass of muscle fibers of the sinoatrial node, that sets the pace or rhythm of physiological activity 起搏点; 身体的一部分,如窦房结的肌肉组织纤维团,用来确定生理活动的速度或节奏 3) = cardiac pacemaker 心脏起搏器,17.bundle of His- a bundle of modif
13、ied heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contractSynonyms: atrioventricular bundle, atrioventricular trunk,The bundle of His is a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction that transmits the elec
14、trical impulses from the AV node (located between the atria and the ventricles) to the point of the apex (顶点) of the fascicular (成束的) branches. The fascicular branches then lead to the Purkinje fibers which innervate(刺激) the ventricles, causing the cardiac muscle of the ventricles to contract at a p
15、aced interval(间隔). These specialized muscle fibers in the heart were named after the Swiss cardiologist Wilhelm His, Jr., who discovered them in 1893.,18. sinoatrial node - n. (Abbr. SAN) A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers located in the posterior wall of the right atrium of the heart
16、 that acts as a pacemaker of the cardiac conduction system by generating at regular intervals the electric impulses of the heartbeat. Also called sinoauricular node, sinus node.- a specialized bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat Synonyms: pacemaker, cardiac pacemaker, SA node,19. pulmona
17、ry- adj. of the lungs 肺的 20. sequential-adj. happening one after another连续的, 有顺序的 21. velocity-adj. rate or speed of action 速率 22. papillary-adj. 乳头状的, 乳突状的papillary muscle-乳头肌 Any of the group of myocardial bundles that terminate in the tendinous (腱的) cords that attach to the cusps of the atriovent
18、ricular valves,In anatomy, the papillary muscles of the heart serve to limit the movements of the mitral and tricuspid valves and prevent them from being inverted. It is important to note they do not close or open the valves, which close passively in response to pressure gradients. Instead they brac
19、e(支撑,拉紧) the valves against the high pressure.The U wave in an ECG (electrocardiograph ) represents papillary muscle depolarization. It usually does not appear unless a patients electrolytes are imbalanced.,23. Purkinje fiber-One of the specialized cardiac muscle fibers, part of the impulse-conducti
20、ng network of the heart, that rapidly transmit impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles. 浦肯雅纤维(特化的心肌纤维, 组成心脏传导系统的终末部分)Purkinje- Bohemian physiologist remembered for his discovery of Purkinje cells and the Purkinje network(1787- 1869) 捷克生理学家,Purkinje fibers (or Purkyne tissue) are lo
21、cated in the inner ventricular walls of the heart, just beneath the endocardium. These fibers are specialized myocardial fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus or impulse that enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion. Purkinje fibers work with the sinoatrial node (SA node) and the
22、atrioventricular node (AV node) to control the heart rate.,During the ventricular contraction portion of the cardiac cycle, the Purkinje fibers carry the contraction impulse from the left and right bundle branches to the myocardium of the ventricles. This causes the muscle tissue of the ventricles t
23、o contract and force blood out of the heart either to the pulmonary circulation (from the right ventricle) or to the systemic circulation (from the left ventricle).They were discovered in 1839 by Jan Evangelista Purkinje, who gave them his name.,Purkinje cell-Any of numerous neurons of the cerebral
24、cortex having large flask-shaped cell bodies with massive dendrites and one slender axon. Also called Purkinje corpuscle.(存在于小脑皮质中层内的) 浦肯雅细胞 Purkinje network- a network of Purkinje fibers that carry the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles of the heart and causes them to
25、contract,Understanding the Text A Brief Introduction of the Cardiovascular System ( para. 1 )Questions: 1.What is the composition of the cardiovascular system ? 2. What are the functions of the heart / the blood /the blood vessels ? 3. Introduce the two circulatory loops.,3.(1) the pulmonary circula
26、tion(the lesser circulation)(2) the systemic circulation(the greater/general circulation)(3) the difference between the two circulatory loops,The Heart ( para. 1-8 )Questions:4. What are the walls of the heart composed of ? 5. Why does blood not move back into the atrium? 6. How to prevent the AV va
27、lves from being pushed into the atrium ? 7. Summarize the functions of heart valves.,Summary Two of the heart valves are the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. They let blood flow from the atria to the ventricles. The other two are called the aortic valve and pulmonary valve, and they are in char
28、ge of controlling the flow as the blood leaves the heart. These valves all work to keep the blood flowing forward. They open up to let the blood move ahead, then they close quickly to keep the blood from flowing backward.,Bicuspid: Having two flaps or cusps. The heart valve that is called the bicusp
29、id valveis located between the left atrium and left ventricle. Although the aortic valve in the heart normally is tricuspid (with three cusps), it may sometimes be bicuspid.,8. Can you say something about bicuspid ?What is bicuspid stenosis ?,Mitral stenosis (二尖瓣狭窄) is a heart valvedisorder that nar
30、rows or obstructs the mitral valve opening. Narrowing of the mitral valve prevents the valve from opening properly and obstructs the blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.This can reduce the amount of blood that flows forward to the body.The main risk factor for mitral stenosis is a
31、history of rheumatic fever(风湿病) but it may also be triggered by pregnancy or other stress on the body such as a respiratory infection, endocarditis (心内膜炎), and other cardiac disorders.,The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium (top chamber) and right ventricle (bottom chamber). Its rol
32、e is to make sure blood flows in a forward direction from the right atrium to the ventricle.,9. Can you say something about tricuspid valve ?What is tricuspid regurgitation(三尖瓣逆流)?,Tricuspid regurgitation (tricuspid incompetence, tricuspid insufficiency) is leakage of blood backward through the tric
33、uspid valve each time the right ventricle contracts. As the right ventricle contracts to pump blood forward to the lungs, some blood leaks backward into the right atrium, increasing the volume of blood there. As a result, the right atrium enlarges, and pressure in the veins that enter the right atri
34、um is increased, creating resistance to blood flow from the body to the heart.,Symptoms Tricuspid regurgitation may not produce any symptoms if the patient does not have pulmonary hypertension. If pulmonary hypertension and moderate-to-severe tricuspid regurgitation exist together, the following sym
35、ptoms may result:,Active pulsing in the neck veins Swelling of the abdomen Swelling of the feet and ankles Fatigue, tiredness Weakness Decreased urine output General swelling,Treatment Treatment may not be needed if there are few or no symptoms. Hospitalization may be required for diagnosis and trea
36、tment of severe symptoms. Underlying disorders should be identified and treated. Some people may be able to have surgery to repair or replace the tricuspid valve.,Prevention Discuss any history of heart valve disease or any family history of congenital (先天性的) heart diseases before treatment by a hea
37、lth care provider or dentist. Any dental work, including cleaning, and any invasive procedure can introduce bacteria into the bloodstream. This bacteria can infect a weakened valve causing endocarditis(心内膜炎). Obtain prompt treatment for conditions that may cause valve disease. Treat strep(=streptoco
38、ccus 链球菌) infections promptly to prevent rheumatic fever(风湿病).,The bicuspid aortic valve shows a “doming” (成圆顶状) configuration(结构) in the long axis view when it opens during systole. In the short axis view, the opening of the two leaflets creates a “fish-mouth” (oval) appearance. The short axis view
39、 in some cases may appear almost normal because of a fused raphe(缝) in the middle of one of the two leaflets., Arteries （ para.1-2) Questions：10. What are the three groups of the arteries ？11. What is the function of the elastic arteries ?12. What is a pulse? What are the nine pressure points in the
40、 body?13. Describe muscular arteries and the arterioles.,IV capillary ( P 119 ) Questions:14. What are capillaries?Are there any characteristics? 15. What are the functions of the capillaries?, Veins ( P 119-120 ) Questions:16. Since veins carry the same volume of blood as the arteries, why is there
41、 always 65% of the blood supply in the veins?17. How to return the blood in the veins to the heart?,( venous valves; skeletal muscle contraction; gravity; respiratory activity ), Blood Flow Through the Heart and Major Blood Vessels ( para.1-2 ) Questions: 18. What are the functions of the superior v
42、ena cava, the inferior vena cava, the coronary sinus and the four pulmonary veins entering the left atrium? 19. How does the blood flow through the heart and major blood vessels?,deoxygenated blood)right atrium ( tricuspid valve) right ventricle (pulmonary semilunar valve) the pulmonary trunk pulmon
43、ary arteries the lungs (oxygenated blood) pulmonary veins left atrium (mitral valve or the bicuspid valve) left ventricle aorta small arteries arteriole venule veins the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava right atrium coronary arteries (branches of the aorta) supply blood for the myocardi
44、um, Conducting System of the Heart ( p121 ) Questions:20. What is the mechanism of the heart activity ?( para. 1 ) 21. What are the conducting system and their functions ? ( para. 2-3 ),the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, the atrioventricular bundle, the right and left bundle branches, t
45、he Purkinje fibers, The Cardiac Cycle Questions: 22. Tell me the lasting time and the composition of a cardiac cycle. ( para.1 ) 23. What is ECG? Explain the five distinct deflection waves: P,Q,R,S,T ( para.2 ),Homework Translate the following phrases into Chinese:1. pulmonary circulation/circuit2.
46、systemic circulation/circuit3. pulmonary arteries/veins4. cardiac chambers5. atrioventricular valves6. tricuspid valve7. mitral/bicuspid valve8. fibrous strands,9. pulmonary trunk10. ventricular contraction/relaxation11. superior/inferior vena cava12. elastic/muscular arteries13. postural changes14.
47、 gaseous diffusion15. pulmonary semilunar16. coronary arteries17. sinoatrial node,18. thoracic vertebrae19. sinus rhythm20. conduction velocity21. cardiac/ventricular output22. cardiac cycle23. ventricular systole/diastole24. ejection volume of the heart25. dorsalis pedis artery26. vascular filling,
