1、Lecture Four,Drafting the Essay,How to Construct an Essay,The basic structure of a paragraph II. The basic structure of an essay III. The way to construct an introductory paragraph IV. The way to construct a concluding paragraph,I. The basic structure of a paragraph,1. The English thought pattern- a
2、 straightforward-line thought pattern2. A paragraph constructed following the straightforward-line thought pattern,A. writing purpose: to express an idea- to tell sth./ idea- to make it clear- to help the reader remember this idea,B. way to realize the purpose- set the goal and directly go to it- hi
3、t the point at the very beginning- support the topic- conclude to emphasize the topic,C. A three-set/ part/ element construction- the topic sentence- supporting sentences- ( the concluding sentence),II. The basic structure of an essay,1. same purpose to express an idea2. same thought pattern to foll
4、ow3. same way of construction,4. somewhat more complicatedA. a bigger topicB. more effort to support the topicC. a few more words to conclude for emphasis,D. enlargement of each part of the three:- topic sentence to introductory paragraph- supporting sentences to supporting paragraphs- concluding se
5、ntence to concluding paragraph,III. The way to construct an introductory paragraph,A Model Introductory Paragraph Observed：Owing to the development of national economy, people have become richer. With more money in pockets, they want to enjoy their lives in a modernized way. Some will buy new houses
6、. Others would like to have their private cars. I prefer to travel all over the world. Foreign travel benefits me a lot.,Foreign Travel,Thesis statement,Topic sentence of the 1st body paragraph.,Topic sentence of the 2nd body paragraph,Concluding paragraph,General background information,More specifi
7、c,Still more specific,Thesis statement,倒金字塔示意图,Still more specific,Thesis statement,启示： 该图表明特殊结构的intro-duction 怎样由最广泛意义上的背境基础上引出话题，通过背境所指范围的逐句缩小，最后自然集中到一点，那就是图中所说的Thesis statement-主题句。,The way to begin the introduction,1.Telling the reader your experience with the subject -To present a sense of vivi
8、dness and reliability.,2. Presenting startling facts -to catch the readers interest immediately,3. Telling an anecdote -to evoke the pleasure of the reader,4. Asking rhetorical questions -to make the readers think, and to search for the answer,5. Using interesting quota-tions -to arouse the readers
9、curiosity,6. Using statistics -to establish the writer as the authority on the subject - to gain the readers confi-dence,7. Using vivid contrast - to sharpen the characteri-stics of the subject concerned,8. Using historical infor-mation -to trace the origin of the subject stated,9. Using humor -to a
10、muse the readers -to lure him to go through the essay,10. Using figurative language -give a vivid impression of the subject stated,The way to write a conclusion,Aim-to summarize or reinforce the main points of the essay-(to make a final comment on the subject) Notice:no new ideas or points to be dis
11、cussed in the conclusion,1. Ending with a relevant or thought-provoking quotation Two approaches: Repeating an earlier quotation but give it a new meaning. Supplying a new quotation from a recognized authority in the field.,As Arnold says, “No pain, no gain.” As long as the pain is so little and the
12、 gain is so great, I will continue to keep the body-building exercise.,2. Offering a solution to the problem discussed in your paper. Approach: raise a problem in the introduction and try to offer a solution to it in the conclusion.,On the basis of the work described in the preceding chapters, we ca
13、n now give an answer with more confidence to the research questions posed in chapter 1. What is the common denominator that legitimates deadjectival elements of different sources the term “intensifiers”? The notion of gradability in relation to subjectivity is the thread across the domains of adject
14、ives and intensifiers. Grdability is a subjectively construed notion in the schematic domain of gradable adjectives.,3. Ending with one or more thought-provoking questions. -to stimulate the readers thinking, -to remind the readers of your main points. Notice:Be sure the question is directly relevan
15、t to your subject.,4. Pointing out the value or significance of your subject. -to reinforce the readers impression of your subject,Again, exercise provides an answer. In a country where the most common cause of mortality is corollary collapse, everyone needs to consider the value of constant exercis
16、e.,5. Making a connection to a statement made in your introduction. -to provide the readers with a sense of closure.,And now, when my children are playing baseball in the yard, I no longer think, “Baseball is for kids.” I am first at the plate.,6. Ending with a suggestion for change or prediction ab
17、out the future. -to exert a long-term influence on your readers. Notice： Make predictions that are possible and plausible.,Moderate exercise will benefit body, mind and spirit. If we follow common sense and change our bad habits, all of us can lead long, active and healthy lives.,Gaining unity and c
18、oherence,Unity In a paragraph: topic sentence-main idea supporting sentences - must be directly related to the main idea.,In the essay as a whole: The thesis statement must unify all the main idea of each paragraph. Each supporting paragraph must be directly relevant to the thesis.,Coherence In para
19、graph -each sentence in a paragraph naturally and smoothly leads to the next sentence. Approaches: Within-paragraph transitions,In the essay as a whole -smooth movement from paragraph to paragraph Approaches: Between-paragraph transi-tions,Transitional strategies: a single word: moreover a phrase: to sum up a dependent clause: with all the advantages granted by a sentence: not onlybut also,Thank U for your dear ears!,
