1、,大学英语四级作文辅导,第一讲 一：写作的目的（属于语言输出的范畴） 二：写作的难点1）拿到作文题目，无从下手2）如何用词 三：中国学生写英语作文所存在的问题1）句子结构方面的错误2）语法错误3）用词错误四：高分作文的特点1）词汇量丰富2）句型结构要有变换,受汉语语序的干扰,大纲要求及评分原则,一）、大学英语四级考试大纲对写作的要求共1题，考试时间30分钟。要求考生写出一篇100-120词的短文，试卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写；或给出关键词要求写成短文。要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作的内容包括日常生活和一般常识。短文写作部分的目的是测
2、试学生运用英语书面表达思想的初步能力。 二）、评分原则（阅卷教师的关注点：内容和结构） 1. CET作文题采用总体评分方法global rewarding，阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Reward Scores)，而不是按语言点的错误数量扣分。印象分加分点/闪光点 2. 教师阅卷：找：idea；扫读；总体感觉（文字，文法，文体，文笔）,英语写作句子结构,英语的句子结构： 英语的句子结构分为三种： 简单句，并列句和复合句，其中并列句和复合句又是由若干个简单句所组成。 简单句： The train arrives. The sea had become calm again 并列句： They
3、must stay in water, or they will die. It is not cheap, but it is very good. 复合句： The office that deals with passport is upstairs. When he woke up, the sea had become calm again.,英语写作句子结构,简单句的基本结构有五种： 主语+谓语 Things change. 主语+连系动词+表语 Trees are green. 主语+谓语+宾语 My sister will fix everything. 主语+谓语+直宾或间宾
4、 He bought his wife a ring. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 I found the book easy.由于表达意义的复杂化，句与句之间衔接照应，修辞的使用和语言省略的原则等使得原本简单的这五种句子的基本结构在实际的使用中呈现了复杂化，多样化的趋势。如：,英语写作句子结构,1Plainly enough, anyone must realize it who reflects upon the manner in which they reach public office.2In 1600 the earth was not the center of the unive
5、rse because the majority then supposed it was； nor, because she had more readers, was Ella Wheeler Wilcox a better poet than Father Hopkins.,英汉句子结构区别,1、英美人的思维方式是直线型的，通常采用的写作方法是先一般，再具体，通常先描述主要思想，再分述；而汉语则多把中心和主要观点放在句末。 2、英语中多用复合句、从句；而汉语多用短句，简单句。 3、英语多用被动句 4、英语具有丰富的时态。,错句范例： 1. However, everything has
6、its black side.（然而，凡事都有黑暗的一面。） 2. How the government will do with them?（对此，政府应该做些什么呢？） 3. When you convenient, you can help me.（方便的话，请帮帮我。） 4. He let me know that you must lean on yourself, believe yourself. （他使我知道：你应该依靠自己，相信自己。） 5. Success maybe can be obtained in various ways. （成功也许能够通过各种途径取得。）,常见
7、错误分析归纳：,常见错误分析 词法错误： （一）冠词错误： （二）名词错误：可数不可数、用词不当 （三）形容词、副词错误：用词不当、比较级最高级用法 （四）动词错误：及物与不及物，动宾搭配、情态动词的误用，特殊句型there be的误用 （五）介词错误：介词误用以及介词to和动词不定式的混淆。,常见错误分析归纳：,句法错误 （一）、不一致：主谓不一致（人称不一致，数的不一致，时态不一致以及代词不一致） （二）、修饰语错位 （三）、句子不完整 （四）、词性误用：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等 （五）、指代不清 （六）、句子的连接例 There are many ways we ge
8、t to know the outside world. 时态的误用（现在、过去、进行、完成及将来时） 标点错误和首字母大写错误,常见错误分析归纳：,1）易混淆词语的误用： 例如她是一个普通人。She is a normal person. （误）She is an ordinary person. （正）学习知识：study knowledge （误）obtain / acquire knowledge （正）如果你方便的话，我们就去拜访你。If you are convenient, we will visit you. （误）We will visit you at your conve
9、nience. （正）,常见错误分析归纳：,2）词性的误用：对于一些写作中常用的高频词，不能很好的掌握其动词、名词和形容词等形式，在习作中只求能够和中文意思吻合，而不去顾及正确的单词形式。 例如： 要想取得成功，我们应该真诚，独立，乐观 In order to success, we need genuine, independent and optimistic. （误） In order to succeed, we need genuineness, independence and optimism. （正）,常见错误分析归纳：,3）冠词的误用：尤其是对于表示“种类”的情况下，很多考生
10、无法判断如何正确使用冠词。 例如：我认为数字跟运气没有什么关系。I dont think the numbers have anything to do with the luck. （误）I dont think numbers have anything to do with luck. （正）,常见错误分析归纳：,4）名词的误用： 各种各样的兼职工作可以帮助你积累宝贵的经验。 Various part-time jobs will help you accumulate valuable experience. （误） Various part-time jobs will help y
11、ou accumulate valuable experiences. （正） 成功者永远不畏惧失败。 Successors would never be afraid of failures. （误） Winners / Those who succeed would never be afraid of failures. （正） 许多著名高校逐渐成为游客的旅游新景点。 A large amount of colleges are becoming new scenic spots for the tourists. （误） A large number of colleges are b
12、ecoming new scenic spots for the tourists. （正）,常见错误分析归纳：,5）形容词、副词的误用 例如： 进入21世纪，社会发展越来越迅速。Stepping into the 21st century, the society is becoming more and more fast. （误）Stepping into the 21st century, the society is becoming faster and faster. （正）那些有合作、和团队精神的人将会在其领域里跳得更高。Those who have the spirit of
13、 cooperation and teamwork can jump more highly in their occupation. （误）Those who have the spirit of cooperation and teamwork can jump higher in their occupation. （正）,常见错误分析归纳：,6）动词的误用： 例如：The cartoonist tries to arise peoples concern on the problem of how to support the aging parents. （误）Each indivi
14、dual wants to show how he eagered to be successful. （误）There are still many people maintain that culture should only be a nations own property.,常见错误分析归纳：,7）介词的误用：Too much idol adoration will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking. （误）In conclusion, I believe that the opportunities are abundan
15、t in our society and everyone is equal for them. （误）As the development of society, more and more people have realized the significance of cooperation to our survival. （误）,常见错误分析归纳：,时态的误用（现在、过去、进行、完成及将来时） 标点错误和首字母大写错误 中国式英语 （一） 汉语思维 1. However, everything has its black side. 2. How the government wil
16、l do with them? 3. When you convenient, you can help me. （二） 英汉语序机械对译 If someones family situation is not well, he can apply for loan to bank. (误) Let alone touch the outside world of campus/keep a good body health(误),第二讲：历年真题归类（1997-2008）及议论文,一、传统的提纲式议论文 1. 1997.1 Practice Makes Perfect 2. 1997.6 M
17、y View on Job-hopping 3. 1998.1 Harmfulness of Fake Commodities 4. 1998.6 Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck? 5. 1999.1 Dont Hesitate to Say “No” 6. 1999.6 Reading Selectively or Extensively 7. 2000.6 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? 8. 2003.1 It Pays to Be Honest,第二讲：历年真题归类（1997-2008）及议论
18、文,一、传统的提纲式议论文 9. 2005.12 Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 10. 2006.12Spring Festival Gala on CCTV 11. 2006.6.24新On Students Selecting Lecturers 12. 2008年6月四级作文题目The Internet 13.2008年12月四级作文题目：Limiting The Use of Disposable Plastic Bags,历年真题归类（1997-2008）,二、说明文：方法类；演讲辞，景点描述等 1. 2000.1
19、 How I Finance My College Education? 2. 2001.1 How to Succeed in a Job Interview? 3.2004. 6 A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction 4. 2005. 1 A Campaign Speech 1. 你认为自己具备了什么条件（能力、性格、爱好等）可以胜任学生会主席的工作。 2. 如果当选，你将为本校同学做些什么。 5. 2006. 6.17 老四级作文： Volunteers Needed1. 校学生会将组织一次暑期志愿者活动，现招募志愿者。2.本次志愿者活
20、动的目的，内容、安排等。 3.报名条件及联系方式。 6. 2007.6An announcement to welcome students to join to a club Welcome to our club 1、 本社团的主要活动内容2、 参加本社团的好处3、 如何加入本社团 7.2007.12 What electives to choose 1、各大学开设了各种各样的选修课2、学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课 3、以你自己为例,历年真题归类（1997-2008）,三、书信体作文 1. 2001.6 A Letter to a Friend 你的朋友即将到来，你向他写信表示欢迎，
21、对他的到来作出安排，并提醒一些注意事项。 2. 2002.1 A Letter to President 假如你是李明，请你就本校食堂给校长写一封信，内容涉及食堂的饭菜质量价格服务等，可以是表扬，也可以是批评，也可以兼而有之。 3. 200312 A Letter to a Former Classmate to Give Some Advice on Which Major He Should Choose 1. 建议报考的专业及理由 2报考该专业的基本条件 3应当如何备考,历年真题归类（1997-2008）,四、记叙文 1. 2003.6 An Eye-witness Account of
22、 a Car Accident 假设你在某日某时某地目击了一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点： 1 车祸发生的时间地点 2 你所见到的车祸情况 3 你对车祸原因的分析 2. 2005. 6 An Incident 1. 向老师祝贺节日 2. 从一件难忘的事情记述老师的教诲和无私奉献 3. 如何回报老师,历年真题归类（1997-2008）,五、图表式作文 2002.6 Student Use of Computers 1. 下图所是为1990、1995、2000年某高校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化； 2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因； 3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什
23、么困难或问题。,A 启： everyone knows, as far as concerned, as far as we know, first, firstly, first of all, generally speaking, in the first place, in recent years, It goes without saying that, lately, now, nowadays, recently, needless to say, 承：after a while, as a matter of fact, besides, certainly, further
24、more, especially, in addition, indeed, second, secondly, then, still, third, thirdly, moreover, obviously, truly, particularly, what is more 转：however, nevertheless, otherwise, yet, but, or, whereas, in spite of, instead, on the other hand, in contrast, on the contrary, conversely, despite, to be ho
25、nest, to tell the truth 合：therefore, thus, hence, in short, in brief, in a word, in conclusion, to conclude, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, above all, at last, finally, eventually, after all, to sum up, in general, generally speaking, on the whole, as has been noted, as I have said abo
26、ve,控制性作文的共性,1. 文章的布局谋篇多分为三段。都需要把握主题，首尾相顾 2. 常用的一些启承转合技巧的共通性。 3. 常用关联词语：,议论文的写作,议论文常用开头方法： 1 开门见山法 2 提问开头法 3 引经据典法 4 解释定义法 议论文中心段落的展开方法： 1 比较与对比法 2 举例法 3 因果法 4 反问法 5 总分法 议论文结尾常用方法： 1 总结式结尾法 2 建议式结尾法 3 诘问式结尾法 4 展望式结尾法 5 引证式结尾法,议论文的写作练笔,1. Protect Your Online Privacy 目前，通过网络非法入侵，盗取或公开个人信息的行为屡见不鲜 这一现象可能
27、带来的问题和后果 怎样才能在上网时更好地保护你的个人隐私权利 2. On TV Show1. 时下电视选秀节目非常流行2. 有人认为选秀很好，能够给普通人以展示自己的机会3. 我的观点,第三讲：图表文和记叙文的写作,英语图表作文种类 数据图表：a data graph / chart / diagram / illustration / table 饼图： pie chart 表格图： table 直方图或柱形图：bar chart / histogram 趋势曲线图： line chart / curve diagram 流程图或过程图：flow chart / sequence diagr
28、am 程序图： processing/procedures diagram 圆柱图： column chart 表示描述的词语： show/describe/illustrate/apparent/reveal/represent/demonstrate/indicate/depict,图表文的写作：图表文的开头,一、主题句开篇法 以下是一些较常用的描述用法 1. The table/chart diagram/graph shows (that) 2. According to the table/chart diagram/graph 3. As (is) shown in the tab
29、le/chart diagram/graph 4. As can be seen from the table / chart / diagram /graph/figures, 5. figures/statistics shows (that). 6. It can be seen from the figures/statistics 7. We can see from the figures/statistics 8. It is clear from the figures/statistics 9. It is apparent from the figures/statisti
30、cs 10. table/chart/diagram/graph figures (that),图表文的写作,二、现象描述开篇法1. Presently, there is an obvious phenomenon that 2. An overwhelming trend has drawn more and more peoples attention currently 3. Recently the rise in problem of/ (phenomenon of).has caused/aroused public /popular /wide /worldwide conce
31、rn.4. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of . has been brought into focus. ( has been brought to public attention ) . is a big problem we have to learn to face now/constantly.5. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/ coming to realize/ (be aware) that. 6. Now there
32、 is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to.7. Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of .8.Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.,图表文的写作：图表文的展开,图表文中心段落的展开方法：比较、对比法列举法因果法 中间段落的一些常用句型：1. The increase (change / failure / success) inmain
33、ly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of).2. The increase (change / failure / success) inis due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that.3. Many people would claim that.4. One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change ) to, butis not by itself an adequ
34、ate explanation.,图表文的写作：图表文的展开,中间段落的一些常用句型：5. There are many (different / several /a number of / a variety of)causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change / decline / increase) in. First,. Second,. Finally,.6. There is no evidence to suggest that. Why are (is / do / did)?
35、 For one thing,. For another,7. There are numerous reasons why, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones. 8. A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success / failure / development) in.9. We mu
36、st admit the undeniable fact that.,图表文的写作：图表文的展开,中间段落的一些常用句型：10.No one can deny (ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside) the fact that.11. What is the cause for this phenomenon? 12. The reason for the above problem involves many factors.13. A number of factors, both physical and psycholog
37、ical /both individual and social may contribute to the above problem.14. To discover the underneath causes for the problem, we may15. There is no doubt that many factors have contributed to the above phenomenon. 16. There are many factors that have stimulated this huge change.Such changes are mainly
38、 caused by two reasons.,图表文的写作：图表文的结尾,图表文结尾常用方法： 重复法 总结法 提问法 建议法,图表文习作,Student Use of Computers 1. 下图所是为1990、1995、2000年某高校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化； 2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因； 3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。,As is vividly revealed in the chart above, the number of scholars returning from the overseas has been climbing o
39、ver the past years and rocketed to over 50 thousand in the year of 2004. As to the amazing figure, people may have great interest to analyze the behind reasons.The foremost reasons for the tremendous increase can be illustrated as follows. To begin with, a set of appealing policies has contributed t
40、o the increase of the number. To attract the students studying overseas to return, our government has set up a number of favorable policies in terms of salaries, residing place, housing and etc Without the these policies, the increase of the number is out of the question.,Sample Essay,Whats more, th
41、e rapid development of our motherland has led to the increase of the number of scholars returning from overseas. Since 1978, China has carried out Opening-up and Reform, which has greatly improved the growth of Chinas economy. The booming economy has laid a solid foundation for the rapid development
42、 of scientific field, which makes P.R.China a most inviting country to both Chinese at home and abroad. As a consequence, the appealing policy and rapid development of our motherland have jointly contributed to the increase revealed in the above chart. We believe such tendency will certainly continu
43、e for the coming years.,Sample Essay,记叙文写作 一）记叙文的特点 文章的人称问题 文章的叙述顺序 文章的选材 文章的线索 文章的时态 记叙文常用开篇方法： 1点明事件发生背景法 2开门见山法 3环境烘托法 4回顾往事法 采用点明事件发生背景法开篇，常用短语和词汇：,记叙文写作：,记叙文中心段落展开方法： 1时间空间展开法 2事例展开法记叙文结尾的几种方法 1首尾呼应法 2以问题或以含蓄、具有象征意义的句子收尾 3结尾点明主题法 4抒情议论法 5.故事结束法,记叙文写作：,Teachers DayWhen a new school year approach
44、es, we students anticipate not only the new study life , but the Teachers Day as well. For on this day, we can express our sincere gratefulness and wishes to our respectable teachers. One of my former teachers, Mrs. Zhang, my high school English teacher, has left the deepest impression on me. I can
45、still recall her vividly. Although she was very strict with us, she was also considerate. One day after class, it was raining hard out side. I didnt take an umbrella, so I had to wait .Gradually, I was the only one left behind. It was still raining continuously. I also felt very cold since the wind
46、blew strongly. At that time, Mrs.,记叙文习作：,Teachers Day Zhang passed our classroom and saw me. Without hesitation, she offered to accompany me to my home, sharing her umbrella with me. She even took off her coat and covered it on my shoulders. I suddenly felt very warm, both physically and mentally. T
47、ill now, this picture still appears in my mind now and then.Teachers always contribute a lot to us students. We shall value their love and do our best in study so as to repay them. I hope one day Mrs. Zhang will be proud of me. Dont you want your teachers be proud of you? If so, lets try!,记叙文习作：,一、说
48、明文的写作： 一）方法类说明文 二）演讲辞 三）导游词 四）竞选宣言 五）广告、倡议类说明文 通过提供真题样文来分别对上述各类说明文予以阐述,第四讲：说明文和书信体作文的写作：,How I Finance My College Education?While the cost of college education has risen sharply in the past few years, students have several ways to pay for their college tuition and fees. Mostly their parents will pay
49、, some students may apply for a bank loan and others will try to find a part-time job on the campus .and besides, many students will award a scholarship. Through all these ways, students can pay, at least partly, for their college education .,方法类说明文写作：,For me, Ill let my parents pay for my college e
50、ducation. This is because my parents have once promised to do so if only I could be admitted into a university, whats more, I want to concentrate on my studies during my college years and I wont let the tuition problem distract me form my school work. Only in this way can I fulfill my school work and only in this way can I realize my dream of future and my parents will feel rewarded and be proud of me.,
