1、WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?,Plagiarism is an act of fraud It involves both stealing someone elses work and lying about it afterward.,to “plagiarize” means:,to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as ones own to use (anothers production) without crediting the source to commit literary theft to
2、present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.,US and other countries,the expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property, and is protected by copyright laws almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded
3、in some media (such as a book or a computer file),All of the following are considered plagiarism:,turning in someone elses work as your own copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit failing to put a quotation in quotation marks giving incorrect information about the source of a
4、quotation changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not,Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by properly quoting, paraphrasing, s
5、ummarizing and citing sources.,What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing?,Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.,In his famous and
6、 influential work the Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the “royal road to the unconscious“ (page #), expressing in coded imagery the dreamers unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the “dream-work“ (page #). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are
7、 censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (page #).,Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words.A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original s
8、ource. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.,Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summariz
9、ed ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.,The original passage:Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper. Probably on
10、ly about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. A plagiarized version:Students often use too
11、many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.,The original pas
12、sage:Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of
13、source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. A legitimate paraphrase:In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is
14、 essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).,The original passage:Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quo
15、ted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. An acceptable summary:Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize th
16、e amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).,EXERCISE,Example quotation: According to Roger Sipher, a solution to the perceived crisis of American education is to “Abolish compulsory-attendance laws and allow only those who are committed to getting an education to attend“ (para. 3
17、).,Example paraphrase of the essays conclusion: Roger Sipher concludes his essay by insisting that schools have failed to fulfill their primary duty of education because they try to fill multiple social functions (para. 17).,Example summary: Roger Sipher makes his case for getting rid of compulsory-
18、attendance laws in primary and secondary schools with six arguments. These fall into three groupsfirst that education is for those who want to learn and by including those that dont want to learn, everyone suffers. Second, that grades would be reflective of effort and elementary school teachers woul
19、dnt feel compelled to pass failing students. Third, that schools would both save money and save face with the elimination of compulsory-attendance laws.,CITING RESOURCES,Three Different Citation Styles,MLA Format The Modern Language Association and its format is the preferred style for writing liter
20、ature; Research in the field of Humanities APA Format The American Psychological Association is a popular format for the social sciences and other areas or research. Chicago Style defined by the University of Chicago; especially popular in historical research; simple and concise; more flexible than
21、MLA or APA formats;,Chicago Manual of Style,The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation and has been lovingly called the “editors bible.” CMS uses footnotes or endnotes as in-text citation. A bibliograp
22、hy is included in CMS.,In-text Citation,Paraphrase (or Summary)Example:Fort Pillow, Tennessee, which sat on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River, had been held by the Union for two years. It was garrisoned by 580 men, 292 of them from United States Colored Heavy and Light Artillery regiments, 2
23、85 from the white ThirteenthTennessee Cavalry. Nathan Bedford Forrest commanded about 1,500men. 1,Direct quotation are pieces of the text used because they report information in a unique or particularly interesting way.Example:The Confederates attacked Fort Pillow on April 12, 1864 and had virtually
24、 surrounded the fort by the time Forrest arrived on the battlefield. At 3:30 p.m., Forrest demanded the surrender of the Union forces, sending in a message of the sort he had used before: “The conduct of the officers and men garrisoning Fort Pillow has been such as to entitle them to being treated a
25、s prisoners of war. . . . Should my demand be refused, I cannot be responsible for the fate of your command.” 2 Union Major William Bradford, who had replaced Major Booth, killed earlier by sharpshooters asked for an hour to consider the demand. Forrest, worried that vessels in the river were bringi
26、ng in more troops, “shortened the time to twenty minutes.” 3 Bradford refused to surrender, and Forrest quickly ordered the attack.,If direct quotations are longer than three lines, you should use block quotations. These are indented and set off from the rest of the text. Example:The Confederates ch
27、arged to the fort, scaled the parapet, and fired on the forces within. Victory came quickly, with the Union forces running toward the river or surrendering. Shelby Foote describes the scene like this:Some kept going, right on into the river, where a number drowned and the swimmers became targets for
28、 marksmen on the bluff. Others, dropping their guns in terror, ran back toward the Confederates with their hands up, and of these some were spared as prisoners, while others were shot down in the act of surrender.4,How To Write the End Notes (Notes),Book Author, Title of Book (Place of publication:
29、Publisher, Year of publication), page number. 1. William Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom! (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 271.,Magazines - authors name, article title, magazine title, date. 2. Emily Macel, “Beijings Modern Movement,” Dance Magazine, February 2009.,Newspaper - authors name, article title
30、, newspaper title (publishing place), published date. 3. Nisha Deo, “Visiting Professor Lectures on Photographer,”Exponent (West Lafayette, IN), Feb. 13, 2009.,Online sources - Author. “Title.“ Website Owner/Publisher. URL (date accessed)4. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public
31、 Library Strategic Plan, 20002010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library. http:/www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed August 17, 2007).,Podcasts/presentation (given by Steve or classmates)5. Primary source, podcast (Steve)6. Primary source, presentation (Group One),End Notes,
32、1. William Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom! (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 271. 2. Emily Macel, “Beijings Modern Movement,” Dance Magazine, February 2009. 3. Nisha Deo, “Visiting Professor Lectures on Photographer,”Exponent (West Lafayette, IN), Feb. 13, 20094. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 20002010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library. http:/www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed August 17, 2007). 5. Primary source, podcast (Pamela)6. Primary source, presentation (Group One),
