1、南非锰矿Resources in South Africa南非的自然资源Rich in mineral resources矿产资源丰富 Platinum Minerals Group Ranked 1铂族矿物储量世界排名第一 Manganese Ranked 1 Chrome铬 Ranked 1 Vanadium钒 Ranked 1 Gold金 Ranked 2 Titanium钛 Ranked 2Manganese in South Africa南非的锰矿 Contains between 85 and 92% of the worlds high grade manganese ore r
2、eserves.拥有世界高品位锰矿85%到90%的储量 The manganese deposit in the Kalahari basin is the biggest mineral deposit in the world know to man.卡拉哈里盆地的锰矿是迄今为止地球上所有矿藏中最大的 At current production levels, enough reserves for the next 5000 years.按照目前的生产水平，南非的储量将能够满足未来5000年的需求Manganese South African Operations 南非锰矿业的经营状况H
3、otazel约翰内斯堡JohannesburgSaldanha Bay沙丹那湾/萨尔达尼亚湾Port Elizabeth.900km.1050km.AFRICARSAWessels韦瑟尔斯矿山Mamatwan马马特旺矿山LEGENDTownsMines矿区PortsMn Field锰矿床Railway lines锰合金厂Smelters:Metaloys必和必拓的Cato Ridge 阿斯芒的 Transalloys南非Highveld钢及钒业公司Meyerton梅耶敦Durban德班.+-700kmNchwaning恩奇万宁矿山Gloria格洛丽亚锰矿矿山.Mines(UMK)南非卡拉哈里联
4、合锰业(Hotazel)霍塔泽尔地区RSA Manganese operations are at a logistical disadvantage, both globally and within RSA南非矿山不管是在全球还是南非国内都存在运输的不利因素Manganese in the dessert沙漠中的锰矿Port Elizabeth Mn Export Terminal锰矿的出口码头：伊丽莎白港South Africa霍塔泽尔地区及两个港Typical Ore Qualities Two Different types南非锰矿的质量主要有两种类型 High grade oxid
5、e ores: 42 48% Mn, +/ 15% Fe高品位氧化锰矿：锰含量达4248%，有些含15%的铁，有些则不含铁 Medium grade carbonaceous ores: 36 38% Mn, 4 6% Fe中品位碳质锰矿：锰含量达3638%，铁含量达46%Carbonaceous Ore Uses碳质锰矿的用途 Ore has high loss on ignition (LOI)碳质矿石的燃烧损失量高 Hence good for sintering因此适合于生产烧结矿 Samancorand Assmangore are sintered.萨曼科和阿斯芒两家公司出产的锰矿
6、都是烧结矿南非萨曼科锰业公司合金生产商；阿斯芒锰合金公司南非铁矿石生产商 UMK ore used as is locally and for exports卡拉哈里联合锰业出产的锰矿既用于本地生产也用于出口Existing Mines Port Elizabeth Access通过伊丽莎白港出口的现有矿产资源UMK(Carbonaceous ore)卡拉哈里联合锰业碳质矿石Samancor: Wessels(OxideOre)萨曼科公司：韦瑟尔斯矿山出产氧化矿Assmang: Ncwaneng(OxideOre)阿斯芒公司：恩奇万宁矿山出产氧化矿Samancor: Mamatwan(Carb
7、onaceous Ore)萨曼科公司：马马特旺矿山出产碳质矿Assmang:Gloria (Carbonaceous ore)阿斯芒公司：格罗利亚矿山出产碳质矿Sinter Plant先运送到烧结工厂进行烧结，再运输到港口出口Existing Producers现有的锰矿石生产商 United Manganese of Kalahari (UMK) Carbonaceous type ore1.卡拉哈里联合锰矿公司主要生产碳质类锰矿 BHPBillitonWesselsMine: High grade oxide ore. Mamatwancarbonaceous ore2.必和必拓（BHP
8、Billiton Ltd.）拥有韦瑟尔斯矿山，主要出产高品位氧化矿马马特旺矿山出产碳质矿 AssmangNcwaneng: High grade oxide ore. Gloria carbonaceous type ore3. 阿斯芒锰合金公司拥有恩奇万宁矿山，生产高品位氧化矿；格罗利亚矿山生产碳质类锰矿The New Players新的生产企业 Kalagadi;南非卡拉加迪锰业公司 AML;非洲矿业公司 Tshipe; Aquila; And many others.Rich in Mineral Resources but limited in infrastructure南非的矿产资
9、源丰富，但是基础设施薄弱 One dedicated manganese export terminal at Port Elizabeth伊丽莎白港是一个锰矿出口的专用码头 +1000km from mines距离矿区1000多公里 Limited capacity.港口吞吐量有限 Currently operating at 4.4 million tons per year.现在每年的吞吐能力为440万吨 Capacity beyond 6 million tons doubtful.吞吐能力是否能突破600万值得怀疑 Only three producers have access t
10、o this port只有三个锰矿生产商有使用这一港口的权利Infrastructural Expansion possibilities扩大基础设施的可能性 Port Elizabeth Environmental constraints1. 伊丽莎白港由于环境受限，进一步扩大基础设施不太可能 SaldanhaDedicated iron ore export terminal. Accommodating another mineral highly complex and expensive2.沙丹那港铁矿石出口的专用码头，因此如果再用于出口另一种矿产操作上将会变得复杂且成本比较高 Ko
11、ugaCapital intensive. $1 $2bn3. 库加港投资成本高，投资额高达1020亿美元 Who will fund expansion?谁能够为基础设施的扩大提供资金呢？卡拉哈里联合锰矿公司Resources UMK UMK所拥有的矿产资源 Resource of 282 million tons from 361 exploration boreholes on farms Smart, Rissik, Botha 在Smart, Rissik, Botha 三个农场中的361个钻孔中发现资源量为2.82亿吨 Farms Roldraai, Heuningdraai, .
12、to be explored还有Roldraai, Heuningdraai等其它农场将进行勘测ResourceCategory矿产类型Tonnage(million t)Mn % Fe % Si O2%二氧化硅silica/silicon dioxideMeasured 确定储量/蕴藏量42.1（4210万）36.34 6.81 7.71Indicated指示蕴藏量/储量140.9（1亿4090万）34.90 6.12 6.00Inferred推定蕴藏量/储量99.0（9900万）34.68 5.84 6.14Total282.0（2亿8200万）35.04 6.12 6.31Locatio
13、n 地理位置Mamatwan马马特旺矿山UMK mine site UMK矿区位置Rail,Road and water access便利的铁路、公路和供水系统Ore Quality UMK矿石品质ROMManganese content38%Fe (iron) contentTypically一般5-7%SiO2(silicon dioxide) Typically 6-11%Phosphorus content磷含量Sulphur硫磺0,01%0.02%CaO (calcium oxide) 氧化钙Typically 6-14%Manganese types锰矿类型Broadly spea
14、king two types of manganese ore are found in South Africa:南非主要由两种锰矿 High grade oxide ores (42 48% Mn, 10 15% Fe) Medium grade carbonaceous ores (38% Mn, 56% Fe)高品位氧化锰矿：锰含量达4248%，含1015%的铁；中品位碳质锰矿：锰含量达38%，铁含量达56%Central mining district: Pulverizing field; Terrace field prepared for next explosion; san
15、d 南非卡拉加迪锰业公司 AML;非洲矿业公司 ThsipeOpencast Aquila Resources And many moreThe Silo under constructionRailway for carrying the ore Currently consuming 78 t ore/t EMM due to 30% decrease in grade since 2002 由于自2002年以来品位下降30%，目前生产每吨电解锰需消耗7-8吨锰矿 Rate of decrease is in the order of 0.5% Mnper year每年品位下降0.5% C
16、urrently in the order of 1516% Mn目前品位15-16% Acid consumption could increases by similar rate as grade decreases酸耗随锰矿品位下降以同样的速度增长 Transport and milling cost will also increase as will the requirement for waste disposal space运输和磨粉成本增加，对废渣的处理要求也会越来越高Chinas domestic MnCO3 ore grade is declining中国国产碳酸锰矿品
17、位正在下降耗酸量锰品位High grade Mn ore Process Aspects高品位锰矿处理特点 Advantages: Lower acid consumption (price of acid volatile)酸耗低（避免因硫酸价格浮动大所造成的损失） Higher Mnrecovery can be achieved (up to 87% in RSA)回收率高（南非87%以上） Lower waste production/handling lower capital for filter banks低废渣排放，减少过滤设备的投入资金 Disadvantages: Requ
18、ire ore reduction需要矿石还原 Additional process step and associated CAPEX and OPEX需要增加工艺步骤，因此需要资本投入和增加运营成本Context背景High grade Mnore RSA:高品位锰矿南非: 38% to 48% Mncontent38% 到48% 锰含量 At 85% recoveryrequire2.6 to 2.8 ton ore per ton EMM按85%的回收率，每吨电解锰需要2.6-2.8吨锰矿 Typically oxide/carbonate mineralogy一般为氧化或碳酸锰矿 R
19、equires reduction before leachingNeeds 0.2t acid per ton EMM浸出前需要还原，每吨需要0.2吨硫酸World Mn Reserves世界锰矿储量(Roskill, The Economics of Manganese, 2000)印度5%，中国6%，越南1%，总储量50亿吨，澳大利亚2%，巴西1.6%，越南0.2%Low grade Mnore China:低品位锰矿中国 14% to 18% Mncontent 14% 到18% 锰含量 At 75% recovery require 6.9 to 8.9 ton ore per to
20、n EMM按75%的回收率生产一吨电解锰需要6.9 - 8.9吨 Typically carbonate mineralogy典型碳酸锰矿 Needs no reduction before leaching浸取之前不需要还原 Needs 2.2t acid per ton EMM 用酸量为2.2吨Conclusions Future of goodqualityore production in South Africa未来高质量锰矿在南非 Logistics will constrainproduction growth in South Africa然而物流这一不利因素将限制南非产量的增长 Use of good quality ore significantly reduces pollution and metal recovery使用高品位矿将显著减少污染，提高金属回收率
