1、Chapter 10 Personality,AP Psychology Mr. Tusow,Personality,Personality: The psychological qualities that bring a consistency to an individuals thoughts and behaviors in different situations and at different times. Personality is a continuously changing process, shaped by our individual needs and cog
2、nitions and by external pressures from the social environment.It is the thread that consistently runs through our lives.,Two Main Theories,Psychodynamic Theory: Freuds theory that calls attention to motivation, especially unconscious motives, and the influence of our past experiences.Humanistic Theo
3、ry: A theory that emphasizes the present, subjective reality-what we believe is important now, what we think of ourselves in relation to others is important now.,Clinical Perspective,The clinical perspective utilizes a combination of the psychodynamic and humanistic theories. This is most often used
4、 by psychologists who are working with people who are seeking counseling.,Social Cognitive Theory,Social-cognitive theory derives from experiments in psychology rather than clinical work. This theory is based on the idea that personality is a result of learning, perception and social interaction. De
5、spite what it seems, social-cognitive theory and clinical perspective compliment each other and share some common ideas.,Psychodynamic Theories,Although there are a variety of psychodynamic theories, they originate with Freuds psychoanalytic theory. In this theory, Freud said the unconscious, the hi
6、dden parts of the mind, was a source of powerful impulses, instincts, motives, and conflicts that energize personality.,Psychoanalysis,Psychoanalysis focuses on how the minds energy is exchanged, transformed and expressed. The “mental stream” of the sex drive was called the Eros, he Greek god for pa
7、ssionate love. The energy behind this drive was called libido, Latin for lust.The “mental stream” for destruction was Thanatos. Freud called it the “death instinct” that drives aggressive and destructive acts humans commit against each other.,Personality Structure,Freud saw human personality as an i
8、ceberg with three parts: the Ego, Superego and Id. In this model, the superego and the id were antagonist parts, regulated by the ego.,The Id,In Freuds model, the id is the primitive, unconscious reservoir that houses the basic motives, drives and instinctive desires that determine our personalities
9、. Always acts on impulse and seeks immediate pleasure The only part of the personality present at birth,The Superego,The superego is the “police” of personality and is responsible for morals and values learned from society. The superego develops as the the child forms an internal set of rules based
10、on external experiences The inner voice of shoulds and should nots Often conflicts with the id because the id wants what feels good and the superego wants what is right and moreal,The Ego,Regulating the conflict between the id and the superego is the job of the ego-the conscious, rational part of th
11、e mind. The ego must figure out a way to satisfy ones desires, while not violating ones moral code. When this balance becomes upset, conflicted thoughts and behaviors that signify a mental disorder may be the result,Psychosexual Stages,Freud believed that our early experiences stayed with us and aff
12、ected us throughout our development, especially with regards to sex. Should something happen in the early years, people will have problems to overcome later in life specifically dealing with sexuality: Oedipus complex: boy in love with their mother Identification: boys love their mom/identify with t
13、heir dad Penis envy: girls desire to have a penis-attracted to males Fixation: occurs when development is stopped at a particular stage,Freuds Psychosexual Stages,Ego Defense,Ego defense is the largely unconscious mental strategy to reduce anxiety or conflict. Repression: the ego defense that exclud
14、es unacceptable or inappropriate thoughts and feelings from our awareness.A complete list of ego defenses is on page 416, be able to identify what these are.,Assessing the Unconscious,Projective Test a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigge
15、r projection of ones inner dynamics Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes,Assessing the Unconscious-TAT,Assessing the Unconscious,Rorschach Inkblot Test the most widely use
16、d projective test a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots,Assessing the Unconscious-Rorschach,Criticism of Freud,While Freud is still wildly popular in media and culture, it has lost most of it suppor
17、t in the psychology field. Many Freudian concepts (libido, repression) are vague The focus is on retrospective explanation Only looks back, doesnt give credit to the present or future No thought given to women The unconscious mind is not as smart/purposeful as Freud would like us to believe,Neo-Freu
18、dians,Freud was a controversial figure, and many of his collogues broke away from his view, but still maintained a psychodynamic aspect to their theories Alfred Adler importance of childhood social tension Karen Horney sought to balance Freuds masculine biases Carl Jung emphasized the collective unc
19、onscious concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history .,Humanistic Theories,Humanistic theories are optimistic about the core of human nature. Personality is driven by needs to adapt and learn, rather than unconscious conflicts or defense mechanisms and anxiety
20、Mental disorders occur when a person is in an unhealthy situation that causes low self-esteem and unmet needs, not from unhealthy individuals.,Abraham Maslow,The most famous humanistic perspective came from Abraham Maslow who created a hierarchy of needs (chapter 8). He said we needed something that
21、 described good mental health as more than just the absence of illness. Maslow saw a group of people in pursuit of “higher ideals” and wanted a way to explain their behavior. Self-actualizing personalities-healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill the
22、ir potentialities.,Carl Rogers,Another famous humanists was Carl Rogers who took a different approach. He identified healthy personalities as the fully functioning person. An individual who has a self-concept that is positive and congruent with reality.,Criticism of Humanistic Theories,People critic
23、ize humanistic concepts as being fuzzy-what is self actualization?For a long time, self-esteem was thought to cause people to act the way they do. More recently, psychologists have argued that self-esteem isnt the cause of behavior, but rather a by-product of behavior.,Social-cognitive Theories,Wher
24、e are the clinical views lack scientific backing, the social-cognitive theories are solidly founded in scientific tradition, with emphasis put on research. The most well known of these theories is observational learning, supported by Albert Bandura. Bandura said we are not only driven by innerforces
25、 and the environment, but also expectations about how those actions will affect other people, the environment and ourselves.,Observational Learning,In observational learning, we learn new responses by watching each others behavior. Personality, thus, is learned behavior patterns These cognitive proc
26、ess involve an ongoing relationship between the individual and the environment called reciprocal determinism,Social-Cognitive Perspective,Locus of Control our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless External Locus of Control the perception that chance or outside forces bey
27、ond ones personal control determine ones fate,Social-Cognitive Perspective,Internal Locus of Control the perception that one controls ones own fate Learned Helplessness the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events,Social-Cognitive P
28、erspective,Learned Helplessness,Personality and Temperament,Temperament is the inherited personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and that establish “tempo” and “mood” in the individuals behaviors. Biological dispositions affect our basic personalities,Traits and Personality,Tra
29、its are stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and to guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions The Five-Factor Theory: A perspective suggesting that personality is composed of five fundamental personality dimensions: openness to expe
30、rience, consciousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (explanation on page 432-433).,Five-Factor Theory,Contemporary Research The Trait Perspective,Trait a characteristic pattern of behavior a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports Personali
31、ty Inventory a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors used to assess selected personality traits,The Trait Perspective,Hans and Sybil Eysenck use two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation,The Trait Perspective,Empirically Derived Test a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups such as the MMPI,The Trait Perspective,Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test profile,
