1、Conversion,第三章 词类转换,Content,名词转换,介词转换,动词转换,形容词转换,副词转换,冠词，连词转换,词类转换就是把英(汉)语中的某种词性，转换成汉(英)语的另外一种词性来表达的翻译技巧。,定义,welcome to use these PowerPoint templates, New Content design, 10 years experience,不管在英译汉还是汉译英中，根据翻译成英文或是汉语的习惯，通常都会进行词类转换，以适应英语或是汉语的表达习惯。词性转换：几乎可以在所有词性间进行。,Example,I admire your decision to f
2、ight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.你决定战胜复习考试中的困难，这一点我很佩服。,名词转换,1.名词转译成动词,2.名词转译成副词,3.名词转译成形容词,1 名词转译成动词,汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。,汉语中除了动词用得较多外，兼语式、连动式还有动宾结构等两个以上动词连用的现象也很普遍。,英汉词语特点 A,兼语式: 其结构形式是“主语+谓语+兼语+谓语”。 例：你叫她进来。校长请你去谈谈情况。,英汉词语特点B,在英译汉中，英语中许多抽象
3、名词是由动词派生出来的，所以，翻译的时候，将名词复原成动词来表达，则更符合汉语的习惯。,Example,He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job. 总统声明，决心为保住其职位而奋斗，他对此表示钦佩。谓语动词只有admires一个词，其他用的是过去分词（stated）、动词派生名词（decision）、不定式（to fight）和介词（for）等。,1. 1 动词派生的名词转译成动词,由动词派生的名词转译成动词较多出现在政论文体中。 E1. The 1967 UN document calls for the s
4、ettlement of the Middle East conflict/ on the basis of (Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories) and (Arab acknowledgement of Israelis right to exist). 1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。,1. 2 含有动作意味的名词,许多含有动作意味的名词（记叙、描写文体中较多）往往可以转译成动词。E2.The sight and sound of our jet planes fil
5、led me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。,Example,E3.A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。,1.3 英语中：加后缀-er的名词,一些后缀加-er的名词如:teacher教师，thinker思想家等等，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语中没有恰当的对
6、应名词时，往往可以译成动词。,Example,I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必会教你游泳。我想我小弟教得比我好。,Example,Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings. 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。,Example,He is a good singer. 他唱歌唱得很好。Those
7、 small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials. 那些小工厂还在极大地消耗和浪费原材料。,1.4 作为习语主体的名词转译成动词,作为短语中心主体词的名词往往可以转译成动词，如to have a rest 和to have a good look at 里的rest 和look.E: You must be tired. Why dont you take a rest?你要一定很累了，为什么不休息一会呢?,Example,They took a final look at Iron Tower, sti
8、ll intact in the darkness. 他们最后看了铁塔一眼它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration. 下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。,（intact =not broken, damaged, or spoiled）,When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humo
9、r.只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。,2.名词转译成副词,Example,The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。,3 名词转译成形容词,由形容词派生出来的名词，即以-ness, -ity等结尾的名词，都可转化为形容词翻译。,Example,This issue is of vital importance. 这个问题是至关重要的。The pallor of her
10、face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。Dont you think he is an idiot? 你说他傻不傻？,介词转换,介词转译成动词,英语与汉语相比，使用介词较多，而且有一些英语介词本身就是由动词演变而来。因此，在翻译时，英语中的介词或介词短语常译成动词。,Example,“Coming!”Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the p
11、orch.“来啦！“她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。,Example,I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea. 我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。Colonel House was between the sheets by eleven. 十一点时，豪伍斯上校已睡在被窝里。,动词转换,动词转译名词,动词转译名词,A 英译汉时，有些动词很难按原词性翻译，这时就需要译成名词才符合汉语的表达习惯。,Example,A well-dressed man, who lo
12、oked and talked like an American, get into the car.一个穿着讲究的人上了车。他的外表和谈吐都像个美国人。,动词转译名词,B 有些英语被动句中的动词可以译成“遭（受、得）到+名词”、“加（予） 以+名词”这类结构。,Example,Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, the moon and the earth. 由于经常受到
13、太阳、月亮以及地球引力的影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。,Example,He was treated very shabbily by the press during this period. 在这期间，他受到了新闻界极不公平的对待。I was encouraged by our president. 我得到了校长的鼓励。,动词转译名词,C 还有一些动词本身是由名词转性而来，译成名词是需根据引申义添加动词,Example,The West was peopled and farmed, and by the end of the century the frontier was no m
14、ore.西部住上了人，土地也开发了，于是到十九世纪末边疆就不存在了。,Example,When Joe Kennedy told Harold Laski that he would settle for nothing less than the presidency, he wasnt kidding, he was Kennedying. 乔肯尼迪曾对哈罗德拉斯基说，他若要干政治，那就得当总统，否则不如什么都不干。他这样说不是开玩笑，这是典型的肯尼迪家族语言。,形容词转换,1. 形容词转译成副词,2. 形容词转译成名,3. 形容词译成动词,1 形容词转译成副词,英语名词译成汉语动词时，修
15、饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词,Example,Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes of lightening made us turn apprehensive glances toward Zero.偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使我们不时忧虑地朝着零区方向望去。,Example,It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American d
16、ialogue.这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。,Example,This is sheer nonsense. 这完全是胡说。Buckley was in a clear minority. 巴克利显然属于少数。 We must make full use of the technical equipment. 我们必须充分利用现有的技术设备。,2 形容词转译成名词,在英语中有些形容词加上定冠词，表示某一类人，翻译成汉语时，常译成名词。,Example,They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他
17、们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。,Example,Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。 史蒂文森善于辞令、举止优雅，但为人软弱。,3 形容词译成动词,Example,By dialing the right number, you may be able to select a play, golf lesson
18、or lecture in physics, from a pre-taped library in a remote city, for showing on your home screen.远方城市一座图书馆会预先录制一出戏、一堂高尔夫教学课或者一次物理学演讲。只要拨对了号码，你就可以在家里电视上选看。,I am worried about his health. 我为他的健康担忧。We are satisfied with what she did. 我们对她所做的一切感到满意。,英语形容词“be+形容词”的结构通常表示情感、知觉，往往可以转译成动词表达。,与思维和知觉相关的形容词：
19、aware, conscious, certain, sure, mindful, ignorant, alert等。 与情感相关的形容词： glad, pleased, cautious, careful, angry, happy, exhilarated, excited, confident, thankful, grateful, concerned, eager, afraid, doubtful, sorry等。 与欲望相关的形容词：desirous, hopeful, anxious, keen, enthusiastic, zealous,Example,Doctors ha
20、ve said that they are not sure they can save his life.医生们说他们不敢肯定能救得了他的命。Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible. 科学家们深信所有的物质都是不灭的。,Example,I am anxious about his health.我担心他的身体健康。The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious.她能够给我带个信这件事就是个暗示。但是我
21、必须谨慎行事。,副词转译,1. 副词转译成动词,2. 副词转译成名词,3. 副词转译成形容词,That day he was up before sunrise. 那天他在日出以前就起来了。 She opened the window to let fresh air in. 她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。 After careful investigation they found the design behind. 经过仔细研究之后，他们发现这个设计落后了。,1. 副词转译成动词,They have not done so well ideologically, however, as
22、organizationally. 但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身体虽弱，但思想上进。,2 副词转译成名词,3 副词转译成形容词,英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词。,Example,He routinely radioed another agent on the ground. 他跟另一个地勤人员进行了无线电的例行联络。The President had prepared meticulously for his journey. 总统为此次出访作了十分周密的准备。
23、,Example,This film impressed him deeply. 这部电影给了他深刻的印象。Security laws require companies to treat all shareholders reasonably and equally. 证券法要求公司给所有持股人既合理又平等的待遇。,冠词转换,汉语中没有冠词 1.翻译时省略， 2.转译成其他词,Example,Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习是绝对必须的。It is a two-way street in politi
24、cs, when you ignore people, they are going to ignore you.这是政治上一种有来必有往/礼尚往来的现象，你不理睬人们，人们也就不理睬你。,Example,The children are of an age.孩子们是同一年生的。 Theres a Mr. Smith waiting for you.一位自称是史密斯先生的人在等您。 E-commerce is one way of doing business todayit will be the way of doing business tomorrow.电子商务是进行贸易的一种方式，明
25、天，它将成为开展贸易的唯一方式。,连词转换,英语中连词表示逻辑上的各种关系和含义，翻译时要表示出来,Example,Five and five is ten.五加五等于十。The distance is four kilometers or 2.8 miles.距离是四公里，合2.8英里。Let them call themselves Taiwan and we will invite them .只要他们称自己是台湾，我们就邀请他们参加,语法陷阱,It is warm, not to say hot. (not to say = and indeed; or possibly even虽不
26、能说，近乎；甚至可以说 ) 天儿即使不算热，也已经暖和了。 天气很暖和，甚至有点热。The answer is illogical, not to say totally wrong. 答案即使不是全错，也是不合逻辑的。 答案不合逻辑，甚至是完全错误的。,小结,词类转换的目的、前提、依据和基本方法： 目的：达到翻译的目的使译文语句自然流畅、清晰易懂 前提：忠实再现原文内容 依据：汉语自身的规律和结构 基本方法：灵活多样、因地制宜词类的变化往往会一起整个句子甚至段落结构的变化。,Assignments,1. 我们学院接受教委和市政府的双重领导。（名词转动词） 2. 孩子们看电视过多会大大地损害视
27、力。（动词转名词） 3. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。（动词转名词） 4. 我完全赞成你的意见。（动词转介词）,Assignments,5. 改革开放政策受到了全国人民的拥护。（动词转名词） 6. 作者在文章中对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。（动词转名词） 7. 在有些欧洲国家里，人民享有最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（主动语态转被动语态） 8. 时间不早了，我们回去吧！（句型转换） 9. 学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。（名词转副词）,Assignments,1. 我们学院接受教委和市政府的双重领导。（名词转动词） 译: Our institute is co-l
28、ed by the education commission and the municipal government. 2. 孩子们看电视过多会大大地损害视力。（动词转名词） 译: (Watching) too much TV will do harm to childrens eyesight.,Assignments,3. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。（动词转名词） 译: With the practice of reform and opening-up policy, our comprehensive national strength has ach
29、ieved notable improvements.4. 我完全赞成你的意见。（动词转介词） 译:Im all for you./your opinion.,Assignments,5. 改革开放政策受到了全国人民的拥护。 （动词转名词） 译:Reform and opening-up policy has gained nation-wide support.6. 作者在文章中对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。 （动词转名词） 译: The author made criticism on mankinds negligence to the environment in his article
30、.,Assignments,7. 在有些欧洲国家里，人民享有最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（主动语态转被动语态） 译: In some European countries, people are entitled to receive the most extensive social welfare, like medical insurance.,8. 时间不早了，我们回去吧！（句型转换） 译: Its time for us to go back!9. 学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。（名词转副词） 译:Students should develop morally, intellectually and physically.,Assignments,Thank you!,
