1、,Summary Writing,What is “summary”?,A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition. 概要是一篇较长文章本质思想的简洁重述，它要求用尽量少的语言对原文的主旨进行复述。概要不是简单的换句话说，更不是评论，而是作者思想中最基本部分的准确再现。,How to get a high mark?,考试说明中评分标准规定概要写 作阅卷时按5个档次给分，其中最高档次第五档（21-25points）：理解准确，涵盖全部要点；能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；完全
2、使用自己的语言；有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使完成的概要结构紧凑。,contents (内容),language skills (语言),structure (结构),all the key points,grammar, vocabulary,tight and coherent,your own words,about 60 words,right spelling, proper punctuation,How to writing a good summary?,定位 find out the essential information改写 rewrite the informatio
3、n in your own words核查 check the sentences and add some conjunctions,A.定位,通过阅读定位语篇的核心信息，包括核心单词，核心短语和核心句子。 （句子为主，以单词和短语为辅）,1. 确定文体 the types of the passage,2. 消减事例,In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing o
4、ff dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of English in 1546.,3. 省略细节,（尽量减少实事，大胆省略实事）,essential information,B. 改写,在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式的改写，对原文的
5、语言表达形式尽可能实现大规模的改变。,改写过程中，原则上字数不超过原句，不改变原文的逻辑结构，充分考虑语句压缩。,1. 使用近义词或反义词,Zhou Yang will remember his first task as a reporter.,To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Robert Baker performed two experiments.,Never will Zhou Yang forget his first assignment as a journalist.,study,if,carri
6、ed out/ did/made,She brought home a lot of books and magazines.,2.把短语变为单词,Cleaning away dirt is good to health.,Cleaning away dirt benefits health.,3.使用广义词(general words)代替具体词(specific words),She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks.,
7、He didnt like the city. He hated it.,4.消除重复,5. 把直接引语的主要信息变为间接引语,The boss said to him, “ Till youre more experienced you can cover a story.”,He disliked the city.,The boss said that with more experience he could cover news.,6. 主动句和被动句互换,Robert Baker, a psychologist at the University of Kentucky, perf
8、ormed two experiments.,Two experiments were carried out by a psychologist.,7.基本句型间灵活转换,Dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.,S+V+P,S+V+O,Dirt on the skin could protect people from getting ill.,You will obtain all the information if various questions are asked.,8. 特殊句式（强调句，倒装句，there be）和
9、正常语序句式的转化,Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information.,To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Robert Baker, ,there is really a sixth sense,9. 把从句变为短语(介词短语，非谓语动词短语),If the interviewee agrees, you can use a recorder to get the facts straight.,With the
10、 interviewees agreement, a recorder could be used.,_,The skin is a necessary organ, which can serve as a barrier against outside dangers.,Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when theyre being stared at.,10.各种从句的灵活转化,His conclusion is that people are not equipped with the abi
11、lity to feel others observation.,C.核查,核查连贯性,优先考虑使用最短连接词（but、then、later、finally、besides、 thus、therefore、yet、however）,核查字数（60-70words）,核查标点和语法,+,Steps of writing summary,2016年考试说明概要写作样题, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.,have, exist,different，flexible,opinions，viewpoints,People have diff
12、erent opinions toward dirt.Different viewpoints toward dirt exist.Peoples viewpoints towards dirt are flexible.,S+V+P,In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.France / EnglandIn Europe,It was thought that/People believed that,protectfrom;preven
13、tfrom;keepfree from,S+V+P,illness, getting ill,In the early 16th century, it was thought that dirt on the skin could protect people from getting ill in some European countries.In the early 16th century, people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.,S+V+O,som
14、e European countries,jti,since the 18th centurycleaning away dirt is good to health.,Doing A is good to B,It is good for B to do A,People have realized that it was good for health to remove dirt since the 18th century.,remove, washoff,benefit your health, keephealthy,Since the 18th century, people h
15、ave been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.,Nowadaysan American immunologist, encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.,now /at present,some scientists,advise, suggest, hold the view,powerful,expose to,Now, some scientists hold the view that ch
16、ildren should be exposed to the dirt to have a powerful immune system.,Some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. ,People have different opinions toward dirt. In the early 16th century, it was thought that dirt on the skin could protect people from getting ill in
17、some European countries. People have realized that it was good for health to remove dirt since the 18th century. Now, some scientists hold the view that children should to be exposed to the dirt to have a powerful immune system.,However ,Dont forget to make your summary tight!,67words,people,HomeworkWrite a summary of a passage about 60 words.,
