1、Winston Churchill,(30 November 1874 24 January 1965),“Never, never, never, never give up.“ 永远，永远，永远， 永远都不要放弃。,Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill 温斯顿伦纳德斯宾塞丘吉尔爵士,Sir Winston Churchill was a British prime minister and statesman who led the country to victory against Nazi Germany and the Axis powers
2、in World War Two.,Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and was the first person to be made an Honorary Citizen of the United States.,Family and early life,丘吉尔出生于英
3、国的一个贵族家庭。他的祖上约翰丘吉尔因在“光荣革命”中支持威廉三世，且又在对西班牙和法国的战争中做为军队总司令取得胜利而于1702年被安妮女王封为马尔巴罗公爵（Duke of Malborough）. 丘吉尔的父亲伦道夫丘吉尔勋爵（Randolph Churchill）是马尔巴罗公爵七世的第三个儿子，是保守党“樱草会”（保守党中的一个派系，以工人阶级为主）的创办人，曾担任过内阁中仅次于首相的财政大臣。丘吉尔的母亲珍妮杰罗姆是美国百万富翁、纽约时报股东之一的伦纳德杰罗姆的女儿。,Churchill was born into the aristocratic family of the Duke
4、s of Marlborough. Winstons father, Lord Randolph Churchill, the third son of John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, was a politician; and his mother, Lady Randolph Churchill was the daughter of American millionaire Leonard Jerome.,Family and early life,1881年，7岁的丘吉尔被送入一个贵族子弟学校读书，丘吉尔是学校中最顽皮、
5、最贪吃、成绩最差的学生之一，因此经常遭到老师的体罚，后来不得不转学到另一所学校。1888年丘吉尔进入仅次于伊顿公学的哈罗公学就读，但是成绩依然不佳，伦道夫勋爵于是决定在儿子毕业后将他送到桑赫斯特皇家军事学院。,Independent and rebellious by nature, Churchill generally did poorly in school, for which he was punished. He was educated at three independent schools: St. Georges School, Ascot, Berkshire, foll
6、owed by Brunswick School in Hove, near Brighton and then at Harrow School from 17 April 1888, where his military career began. Within weeks of his arrival, he had joined the Harrow Rifle Corps.,Military service,After Churchill left Harrow in 1893, he applied to attend the Royal Military College, San
7、dhurst. It took three attempts before he passed the entrance exam.,丘吉尔在1893年离开了哈罗公学，此后经过了三次入学考试，才于1893年成功考入桑赫斯特皇家军事学院。,In 1895, Churchill travelled to Cuba to observe the Spanish fight the Cuban guerrillas; he had obtained a commission to write about the conflict from the Daily Graphic. In Cuba, he
8、soon acquired a taste for Havana cigars, which he would smoke for the rest of his life.,1895年10月，丘吉尔利用假期和朋友一起到古巴亲身体验一下西班牙和古巴人民起义的战争。由于其父亲的关系，丘吉尔被英国情报部门看中，要他负责收集西班牙军队所使用的枪弹的情报，此外，每日纪事报也聘请他为随军记者，为该报发稿。,Military service,Military service,In 1899, the Second Boer War between Britain and the Boer Republic
9、s broke out and he obtained a commission to act as war correspondent for the Morning Post.After some weeks in exposed areas he accompanied a scouting expedition in an armoured train, leading to his capture and imprisonment in a POW camp in Pretoria . His actions during the ambush of the train led to
10、 speculation that he would be awarded the Victoria Cross, Britains highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy, but this did not occur.He escaped from the prison camp and travelled almost 300 miles to Portuguese Loureno Marques in Delagoa Bay, with the assistance of an English mine manager.
11、 His escape made him a minor national hero for a time in Britain,丘吉尔在同年9月以晨邮报记者的身份前往南非，采访第二次布尔战争。在随英军士兵行伍途中，被布尔人俘虏（据闻是被日后成为南非总理的史末资所掳），被关押在普勒多利亚的战俘营。丘吉尔虽然是随军记者，但因携带武器并参加战斗，布尔人拒绝释放他。到了12月，丘吉尔大胆地独自一人越狱成功，在当地一个英国侨民的帮助下逃到了洛伦索马贵斯（今莫桑比克首都马普托）的英国领事馆。这一经历使得他在英国的名声大噪。,Military service,During his army career,
12、 Churchill saw action in India, in the Sudan and the Second Boer War. He gained fame and notoriety as a war correspondent and through contemporary books he wrote describing the campaigns. He also served briefly in the British Army on the Western Front in World War I, commanding the 6th Battalion of
13、the Royal Scots Fusiliers.,Political career to the Second World War,At the forefront of the political scene for almost fifty years, he held many political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War, he served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary and First Lord of the Admiralty a
14、s part of the Asquith Liberal government. During the war he continued as First Lord of the Admiralty until the disastrous Battle of Gallipoli caused his departure from government. He returned as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for Air. In the interwar years,
15、he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Conservative government.,Political career to the Second World War,After the outbreak of the Second World War, Churchill was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, he became Prime Mi
16、nister of the United Kingdom and led Britain to victory against the Axis powers. Churchill was always noted for his speeches, which became a great inspiration to the British people and embattled Allied forces.,Churchill had been among the first to recognise the growing threat of Hitler long before t
17、he outset of the Second World War.By refusing an armistice with Germany, Churchill kept resistance alive in the British Empire and created the basis for the later Allied counter-attacks of 194245, with Britain serving as a platform for the supply of Soviet Union and the liberation of Western Europe.
18、,Relations with the United States,Churchills good relationship with Franklin D. Roosevelt secured vital food, oil and munitions via the North Atlantic shipping routes. It was for this reason that Churchill was relieved when Roosevelt was re-elected in 1940. Upon re-election, Roosevelt immediately se
19、t about implementing a new method of providing military hardware and shipping to Britain without the need for monetary payment. Put simply, Roosevelt persuaded Congress that repayment for this immensely costly service would take the form of defending the US; and so Lend-lease was born.,我没有别的，只有热血、辛劳
20、、眼泪和汗水献给大家你们问：我们的目的是什么？我可以用一个词来答复：胜利，不惜一切代价去争取胜利，无论多么恐怖也要争取胜利，无论道路多么遥远艰难，也要争取胜利，因为没有胜利就无法生存。,“I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat“. You ask, what is our aim I can answer in one word, It is victory. Victory at all costs-victory in spite of all terrors-victory, however long and h
21、ard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.,Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves, that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, This was their finest hour.,让我们勇敢地承担义务，这样如果大英帝国和她的联邦可以留存千年的话，人们仍然会这么说：“
22、这是他们最光辉的时刻。”,我们将战斗到底。我们将在法国作战，我们将在海洋中作战，我们将以越来越大的信心和越来越强的力量在空中作战，我们将不惜一切代价保卫本土；我们将在海滩作战，我们将在敌人的登陆点作战，我们将在田野和街头作战，我们将在山区作战，我们绝不投降.,. we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, wha
23、tever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.,“在过去的25年中，没有一个人像我那样始终一贯地反对共产主义。我并不想收回我说过的话，但是这一切在正在我们眼前展现的情景对照之下，都已黯然失色了任何对第三帝国作战的个人或国家，都将得到我们的援助。任何跟着希
24、特勒走的个人或国家，都是我们的敌人。”,The Cairo Declaration was signed on 27 November 1943 and released in a Cairo Communiqu through radio on 1 December 1943,stating the Allies intentions to continue deploying military force until Japans unconditional surrender. The three main clauses of the Cairo Declaration are tha
25、t “Japan be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the First World War in 1914“, “all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China“, and that “
26、in due course Korea shall become free and independent“.,Relations with the Soviet Union,When Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, Winston Churchill, a vehement anti-Communist, famously stated “If Hitler invaded Hell, I would at least make a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons,“ reg
27、arding his policy toward Stalin.Soon, British supplies and tanks were flowing to help the Soviet Union.,During October 1944, he and Eden were in Moscow to meet with the Russian leadership. At this point, Russian forces were beginning to advance into various eastern European countries. Churchill held
28、 the view that until everything was formally and properly worked out at the Yalta conference, there had to be a temporary, war-time, working agreement with regard to who would run what.,在通向胜利的漫长岁月里，丘吉尔在其演讲中多次发出战斗到底的誓言，表达了英国人民的心声。他说：“我们将永不停止，永不疲倦，永不让步，全国人民已立誓要负起这一任务：在欧洲扫清纳粹的毒害，把世界从新的黑暗时代中拯救出来。我们想夺取的是
29、希特勒和希特勒主义的生命和灵魂。仅此而已，别无其他，不达目的，誓不罢休。”,丘吉尔是英国历史上著名的首相，他的一生中创造了许多奇迹。他的头上戴有许多流光溢彩的桂冠，他是著作等身的作家、辩才无碍的演说家、经邦治国的政治家、战争中的传奇英雄。他一生中写出了26部共45卷（本）专著，几乎每部著作出版后都在英国和世界上引起轰动，获得如潮好评，被翻译成多国文字在世界各国广为发行，以致星期日泰晤士报曾断言：“20世纪很少有人比丘吉尔拿的稿费还多。 ”,Churchills book,马拉坎德远征史 THE STORY OF THE MALAKAND FIELD FORCE河上战争 THE RIVER WA
30、R第二次世界大战回忆录 THE SECOND WORLD WAR英语民族史 A HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING PE0PLES世界危机 THE WORLD CRISIS马尔巴罗的生平与时代 MARLBOROUGH: HIS LIFE AND TIMES,1953年，他被授予诺贝尔文学奖。瑞典文学院在授予他诺贝尔文学奖的颁奖词中说：“丘吉尔成熟的演说，目的敏捷准确，内容壮观动人。犹如一股铸造历史环节的力。丘吉尔在自由和人性尊重的关键时刻的滔滔不绝的演说，却另有一番动人心魄的魔力。也许他自己正是以这伟大的演说，建立了永垂不朽的丰碑。”S席瓦兹院士在颁奖词中还说，“丘
31、吉尔在政治上和文学上的成就如此之大，此前从未有过一位领袖人物能两样兼备而且如此杰出。”,Winston Churchills Painting and Art,Painting was a huge and lasting passion for Winston Churchill. Painting played a prominent role in the last 40 years of Churchills life though there is little to indicate from Churchills early life that he had any partic
32、ular talent for art.“I know of nothing which, without exhausting the body, more entirely occupies the mind“ Wrote Churchill on painting.,丘吉尔名言,“Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference.“ 态度是小事，但能造成很大区别。“A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportun
33、ity in every difficulty.“ 悲观主义者从每个机遇中看到困难，乐观主义者从每个困难中看到机遇。“Kites rise highest against the wind, not with it.“ 风筝顶着风高飞，而不是顺着风。“In war, you can only be killed once, but in politics, many times.“ 在战争中，你只会被干掉一次。而在政治中，可以很多次。“A love for tradition has never weakened a nation, indeed it has strengthened nat
34、ions in their hour of peril“ 热爱传统从不会使一个国家变弱，甚至在生死存亡的关键时刻，他会使国家更强大。“History is written by the victors.“ 历史是由胜利者书写的。“We contend that for a nation to try to tax itself into prosperity is like a man standing in a bucket and trying to lift himself up by the handle“ 我们说一个企图靠收税变富饶的国家就像一个坐在吊桶里，想拉绳让自己升上去的人一样。“Healthy citizens are the greatest asset any country can have“ 健康的国民是一个国家能拥有的最大财富。,
