1、Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381),I. Norman Rule (1066-1381),1. Williams Rule (1066-1087)(1) The beginning of feudalism in England Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.(2) What was feudalism like in England under the rule of William the Conqueror?A. Wh
2、o owned the land under the feudal system in England? According to the system, the King owned all the land personally.,B. How did William deal with the land and why?,a. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for promise of military service and a proportion of the lands production.
3、King -barons-lesser nobles, knights and freemen-serfs b. These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that the barons could not easily combine to rebel the king or that his authority was not be challenged by any powerful barons.This system of duties and rewards was called the Feuda
4、l System. In Normandy when barons or bishops were given land they had to swear an oath of loyalty to the lord who was giving it. This called doing homage.,C. What was the peculiar feature of feudal system in England?To restrain the growth of power of the barons, all landowners, big of small, took th
5、e oath of allegiance for the land the held, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.D. What did William do to the Witan?He replaced the Witan (the Council of Anglo-Saxon Kings) with the Grand Council.,E. Why did William compile the Domesday Book（土地调查清册）?The Domesday Book: Nature: a pr
6、operty record, and a general survey of England made in 1085 Content: it stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land Purpose: to have a reliable record of all the lands, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much they could be called upon
7、to pay taxes Why so called: because it seemed to the English like the Book of Doom,F. What was Williams policy toward the church? His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control. on one hand, he took the English church closer to Rome on the other hand, he managed to maintai
8、n his own independence,2. Henry IIs Reforms,(1) background: Henry II was the founder of the Angevin dynasty（安茹王朝）， usually known as the Plantagenet dynasty(金雀花王朝). His position was rather weak Many pressing problems had to be solved Want to keep the barons under control(2) His reforms A. Abolished t
9、he annual land tax to levied only occasionally to meet emergencies B. Strengthened the kings Court C. Reduced the barons military strengths by destroying all the fortresses and disbanding their foreign soldiers,(3) How did Henry II reform the courts and the law?,A. Henry II strengthened the Kings Co
10、urt and extended its judicial work He divided the country into 6 circuits Appointed itinerant justices (traveling judges) to each of them to see that justice was applied impartially.B. Henry II established the Common Law in place of the customs of the manor which had previously varied. The Common La
11、w: the unwritten law common to the whole people, and is case-made (based on precedent judgments and derived from acknowledged custom),C. The Jury System replaced old English ordeals by fire and water (at that time a jury was to act as witnesses, not to hear evidences and give verdict) D. Reform abus
12、es in Church government, insisted that all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the kings courts instead of in the Bishops Courts.,(4) What was the quarrel between Henry II and Thomas Becket?,Thomas Becket was Henrys intimate friend. Henry made Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury, ho
13、ping that he would assist him in carrying out legal reforms. A. Henry planned to reform the old Church Courts, to increase the jurisdiction of the civil courts at the expense of the church courts, to deprive the privileges enjoyed by the clergy B. Thomas refused to allow this, and the King became an
14、gry The King said in a fit of anger “Is there no one to avenge me of this miserable churchman?” -4 knights killed Thomas-Thomas immediately became a saint as a martyr to the course of the church-pilgrims to Canterbury.,II. The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament,1. The Great Charter (1215)
15、 1)What are the two aspects of the Norman legacy that contributed to great domestic unrest in England in the 12th and 13th century? One was Englands possession of territory in France. The other was Norman adherence to Roman Catholicism.,(2) the Great Charter,A. Also known as Magna Carta or the Baron
16、s Charter B. King Johns reign caused much discontent among the barons and churchmen. a. Wars against France b. Quarrel with the Pope (John became the King-lost all his Continental fief except a tiny spot in France-quarrel with the Pope-was forced to give in-promised not only to pay a yearly tribute
17、to the Pope, but handed England to the Pope and received it as a fief. -John wanted to white-wash himself with military victories-his tyrannical behavior forced the barons to raise army against him.) C. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Magna Carta. D. It was a guarantee of the fre
18、edom of the Church and a limitation of the Kings power. E. It has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.,2. The Beginning of Parliament,(1) Henry IIIs defy of the Great Council King John died-his son became Henry III-planned to regain lost territories -increased taxes-a tense rel
19、ation between the King and the Great Council(2) Simon de Montfort raised an army Simon de Montfort, the defender of the Great Charter, raised an army against the kings abuse of power-forced the king to accept the Provision of Oxford-the King denied and was captured by the nobles.,(3) Change in the G
20、reat Council,Originally the Great Council was made up of the Nobles and Clergymen Now Nobles & Clergymen, 2 knights from each county and 2 citizens from each town The earliest parliament The nobles Knights and citizens The Lords The Commons (Make decisions) (offer advice),III. The Hundred Years War
21、with France (1337-1453),1. The Hundred Years War 1)Who were the two parties involved? England and France 2)Why was it so called? Get its name for the intermittent war between England and France that lasted for a hundred years from 1337 to 1453.The Hundred Years War was a vicious, costly, drawn out a
22、ffair caused by ambitious English kings set on ruling France. The see-saw war went on for 100 years until the English were finally driven out of France.,3)What were the causes? Partly territorial and partly economic The territorial cause was related with the possession by English kings of the large
23、duchy in France. The economic cause was mainly connected with Flanders: the Flemish cloth manufacturing towns were importers of English wool but they owed political allegiance to the French King. 4)What was the result? Ended in failure of the English (were driven out of France)5) Influence: a blessi
24、ng for both countries.,2. Joan of Arc,She was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France. At an early age she claimed to have direct inspiration from God. When she was about 16, she led the French armies to victory ov
25、er the English. She was condemned as a heretic and burned by the English.,IV. The Black Death (1348-1349) and the Peasant Uprising (1381),1. The Black Death 1）It was a deadly bubonic plague, and epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. 2）It spread through Europe in the 14th century, and swept through E
26、ngland 3）It killed one half of the English population, and spared no victims. The population reduced from 4 million to 2 million during the next 15 years.,2. What harm did the Black Death do to the English society?,1） It reduced the English population from 4 million to 2 million and brought about fa
27、r-reaching economic consequences. 2）As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor. 3) The surviving peasants were in favourable position to demand higher wages and changed their serfdom into paid labours,3. The Lollards,(1)Who were the Lollards? A)
28、 A group of Oxford reformers. They were poor priests and traveling preachers who were John Wyclifs followers in the 14th century. B)They went about preaching the equality of men before God. C)The most famous one was John Ball.(2) What role did the Lollards play in the Peasant uprising of 1381? They
29、ideas provided mental preparation for the Peasant uprising of 1381.,4. Wat Tylers Uprising,1)As a result of the Black Death, there was a terrible shortage of labors, and the surviving peasants demanded higher wages. 2)So the government issued statutes to protect the interests of landowners. (Establi
30、sh rules to keep down wages) 3)The repressive measures and a series of poll taxes caused much hatred and resulted in the Peasant Uprising in 1381. Although the Uprising failed, it had great significance in English history. It dealt a deathblow to villeinage (serfdom), and a new class of yeomen farme
31、rs emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.,1. Henry II was the first king of the _ dynasty.A.Windsor B. Tudor C. Malcolm D. Plantagenet 2. In Henry IIs reign, a _ law was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor.A. local B. private C. civil D. common 3. The Great
32、 Charter was signed in _and had _ clauses.A. 1251, 63 B. 1251, 73 C. 1215, 63 D. 1215, 73 4. In 1265 _ summoned the Great Council, which has been seen as the earliest parliament. A. Henry III B. the Pope C. Barons D. Simon de Montfort,1.Under William, the _ system in England was completely establish
33、ed. 2.The property record in Williams time is known as _, which was compiled in 1086. 3.In Henry IIs day, the country was divided into six circuits, and the _ system replaced old English ordeals by fire and water and old Norman trials by battle. 4._s grave became a place of pilgrimage in and beyond
34、Chaucers time after he was murdered. 5.In 1215, the barons charter, known as Mangna Carta or _ was approved, which contained 63 clauses. 6.In the Hundred Years War, the French heroine _ led the French to drive the English out of their country. By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was sti
35、ll in the hands of the English. 7. _ was the deadly bubonic plague, which reduced Englands population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century.,I. Mutiple choice1. D 2. D 3. C 4. D II.Fill in the blanks 1. feudal 2. Domesday Book, 3. jury 4. Thomas Becket 5. the Great Charter 6. Joan of Arc 7. Black Death,
