1、Unit 1 A land of diversity Learning about Language,1.To understand what a Noun Clause is. 2.To learn about Subject Clause, Predicative Clause, Object Clause and Appositive Clause. 3.To find the rules of Noun Clause.,Question: What is the function of a noun in a sentence? 名词在句中可以充当什么成分?,Noun Clauses
2、Function as a NOUN in a sentence.,What I want to do is to go home immediately. I said that I wanted to go home immediately. My hope is that I want to go home immediately. The fact that the earth goes around the sun is acceptable now.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,【定义分析】 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位
3、语等,名词性从句的功能相当于名词(词组)。因此，根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句。,名词性从句（Noun Clause）,主语从句 Subject Clause,名词性从句Noun Clause,宾语从句 Object Clause,表语从句 Predicative Clause,同位语从句 Appositive Clause,【分类】,1. 主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分,2. 宾语从句：从句在句中充当宾语成分（ 可以作谓语动词、介词、不定式等非谓语动词的宾语）,3. 表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连系动词之后。,4. 同位语
4、从句：从句在句中充当同位语成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词(idea, belief, fact, truth, problem, news等)后面, 对名词作进一步解释说明。,【引导名词性从句的连接词】 连词：that（无意义，宾语从句中可省略）, whether/ if （表是否，不能省略），as if (好像,不能省略），because （因为,不能省略), 不充当从句的任何成分。连接代词: what, who, whom, whose, which , whatever , whoever，whichever（在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语等成分；指人或事；不能省略） 连接副词: when,
5、 where, how, why （在从句中充当状语成分；表时间、地点、方式、原因；不能省略）,【按分类分析】 1主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中作主语的句子；通常位于句末，句首则采用it作形式主语。注意，what引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语。,(1)常以it作形式主语的句型有： It is形容词that. It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, common knowl
6、edge, a surprise, a fact, etc.)that. Its a pity that we cant go.很遗憾我们不能去。,It is过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)that. It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being polluted. 有人建议应做更多的工作阻止河流遭受污染。,It appears/seems that./It happ
7、ens that./It occurred to me that./It turned out that. It turned out that nobody remembered the address.结果发现没人记得这地址。 It doesnt matter that./It makes no difference that. It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。,(2)当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。 Does it matter much that they
8、will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？ (3)当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。 How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！,（2013山东高考）Its good to know _ the dogs will be well cared for while were away. A. what B. whose C. which D. that 【解析】 选D。考查主语从句。句意：当我们离开不在的时候，知道这些狗将会被很好地照顾真是太好了。本句中it是
9、形式主语，代替后面的从句，而从句中意思及语法结构完整，不缺任何成分，所以选that，并且不能省略，而A项what什么；B项whose谁的；C项which哪一个，都在句子中充当成分，所以被排除，故选D。,真题在线,(2012陕西高考)No matter where he is, he makes _a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. A. him B. this C. that D. it 【解析】选D。考查代词。句意:不管他在哪里,早饭之前去散步成了他的习惯。句中涉及make复合宾语:to go for a walk.是真正的宾语,a rule
10、是宾语补足语, it为形式宾语,四个选项中只有D项it 可以作形式宾语或者形式主语。,(2012全国卷)It is by no means clear_the president can do to end the strike. A. how B. which C. that D. what 【解析】选D。考查名词性从句。句意:总统会采取什么措施来结束这次罢工还不清楚。根据句子结构可以判断此处it作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的从句。从句中do后面缺少宾语,这样可先排除A、C两项。how是副词,不能作宾语,that在名词性从句中不作成分。根据句意可知which(哪一个)放在此处不合适。,2宾语
11、从句 主从复合句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。 (1)引导宾语从句的连词that一般可以省略，但在及物动词之后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略。 The teacher said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 老师说这篇课文非常重要，我们应该用心背下来。,(2)表示“心理活动”的形容词：afraid, anxious, aware, ashamed, annoyed, certain, confident, content, convinced, de
12、termined, disappointed, glad, happy, proud, pleased, sure, surprised, satisfied, thankful, worried等后可接宾语从句。 He was afraid that he would lose.他担心会输。 I am sure that I put the money in the box. 我肯定把钱放在盒子里了。,(3)若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓
13、语用肯定式 (此时主语往往为第一人称，偶尔为第三人称；否定词never, seldom, hardly, little无此用法)。 I dont think his decision is wise in reality. 实际上，我觉得他的决定并不明智。 I dont believe that he is a dishonest man. 我认为他是个诚实的人。,(4)在think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, hope等动词以及Im afraid之后，可采用so代替肯定的宾语从句，也可采用not代替否定的宾语从句。 Do you believe th
14、e news story?I believe so. 你相信这个新闻故事吗？我相信。 Has Ann got into university?I am afraid not. 安上大学了吗？恐怕是没有。,(2012北京高考)Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt _ he could have expressed it differently. A. why B. how C. that D. whether 【解析】选C。考查名词性从句。句意:Jerry并不后悔提出自己的意见,但是他感觉他本来可以换种方式表达的。由句式结构可知felt
15、后面是一个宾语从句,从句中不缺少任何成分,故应用that引导。why在从句中作原因状语;how在从句中作方式状语;whether意为“是否”。,真题在线,（2013北京高考）Experts believe _ people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary. A. why B. where C. that D. what 【解析】选C。考查名词性从句。句意：专家们相信人们只在必要的时候购物能减少食物的浪费。that引导宾语从句，后面句子不缺少任何成分，只起连接作用，故使用that。,3表语从句 在句中作表语的从句
16、称为表语从句；学习表语从句应该注意以下几点。 (1)通常只用that引导表语从句的情况。 句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句采用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。 The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。,句子的主语为the result时，表语从句采用that引导。 The result is that many of them become fat. 结果是他们中许多人发胖了。 由why引导的从句作主语时。 Why we decided to put off
17、the match is that the weather was too terrible. 我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。,(2)as if/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look, seem, sound, be等后面；表语从句既可以采用虚拟语气，也可采用陈述语气。 It sounded as if somebody was knocking at/on the door. 听起来好像有人在敲门。 She treats him as if he were a stranger. 她待他如陌生人。,（2013安徽高考）From space, the earth looks
18、 blue. This is_ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. A. why B. how C. because D. whether 【解析】选C。考查名词性从句。句意：从太空上看，地球看起来是蓝色的，这是因为它表面大约71都被水覆盖着。because引导表语从句，表示原因，符合句意。why意为“为什么”，所接句子表示结果；how 表示方式；whether意为“是否”。,真题在线,【名词性从句考点归纳】 1名词性从句必须采用陈述语序。 I want to know what he has told y
19、ou. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。,2.it作形式主语或宾语： 在名词性从句中，为了使句子保持平衡，常用先行词it来代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是连词that引导的主语从句常用于此句式中。 I find it strange that she doesnt want to travel. 她竟不想旅游,我觉得很奇怪。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。,3.在名词性
20、从句中 that与what的差异： what在从句中要充当某个成分(主语、宾语或表语)，在任何情况下都不能省略，表示“(the thing or things that.; whatever)的事物； 无论什么；凡是的事物”。that本身没有词汇意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语和非正式文件中，宾语从句中的that常常省略。,_you have done might do harm to others. 你所做的事或许对别人有害处。 I spent _ little time I had with my family. 我仅有的一点儿时间都和家人在一起度过了。 No one knows_wi
21、ll happen next. 谁也不知道下一步有什么事。 I think _you will like the stamps. 我认为你会喜欢这些邮票的。,即学即练,What,what,what,(that),4.whether和if的差异： (1)引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句，只能采用whether。 Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 (2)介词宾语只用whether引导。 He was worrying about whether he had hurt her
22、 feelings.他焦虑地想知道是否伤害了她的感情。,(3)当whether引导的宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，不能被if替换。 Whether he will come or not, I am not sure. 我无法确认他是否会来。 (4)whether经常与or not 直接连用，构成whether or not。 I dont know whether or not hell come. 我不知道他是来还是不来。,(5)后接动词不定式时只能用whether。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？ (6)动词di
23、scuss后面只能接whether引导的宾语从句。 We discussed whether we should close the shop. 我们讨论过我们是否应该关闭这家商店。,【真题在线】,（2013浙江高考）The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief _ you are better than anyone else on the sports field. A. how B. that C. which D. whether 【解析】 选B。考查名词性从句。句意：取得最大成功的唯一方法就是
24、充分相信你在赛场上比其他人更好。该空引导belief的同位语从句。并且在从句中既不作任何句子成分，也无任何意义，只能用that。how与which在同位语从句中，不仅有意义而且作成分；whether在同位语从句中，虽然不作成分，但却有意义。故选B。,5宾语从句和主句的时态呼应： (1)当主句谓语动词为现在时态或将来时态时，宾语从句可以选择适当的时态。 Will you tell me how I can keep fit? 你能告诉我如何保持健康吗？ (2)当主句谓语动词为过去时态时，为保持时态一致，宾语从句应采用相应的过去时态。 Jack told me that he had been t
25、here twice. 杰克告诉我他去过那儿两次了。,(3)当主句谓语为过去时态时，宾语从句表示客观真理、客观存在的事物、格言时,仍然采用一般现在时。 Long ago, people knew that there are four seasons in a year. 很久以前，人们就知道一年有四个季节。,6.连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever引导名词性从句的含义： (1)whoever的用法： (the person or people who.)的那个人 Whoever said that?到底谁讲的这话？ (any person who.) 的任何一个人
26、 Tell whoever you like; it makes no difference to me. 你愿意告诉谁就告诉谁对我来说都无所谓。,(2)whatever的用法： (any or every)任何；每一 Take whatever action is needed.采取任何必要的措施。 (anything or everything)任何事物；一切事物 You must do whatever is best for you. 什么对你最有利你就得做什么。 无论什么，不管什么 You have our support, whatever you decide. 不管你做何决定，
27、都会得到我们的支持。,(3)whichever的用法： (表示某特征或品质在作决定时重要)的那个；的那些 Take whichever hat suits you best. 挑个最适合你戴的帽子。 无论哪个；无论哪些 Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. 你们当中不论哪个进来都将会得到奖励。,【真题在线】,（2013江西高考）_ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.A. Whoever B. WhateverC. Whichever D. Wherever【解析】
28、选C。考查名词性从句。句意：无论你们中哪一个打破了窗户都必须赔偿。A项意为“无论谁”；B项意为“无论什么”；C项意为“无论哪一个”；D项意为“无论在哪里”。只有whichever后面可以接代词one。,7虚拟语气结构在名词性从句中的应用： (1)主语从句 It is necessary that he (should) come to see us. 他有必要来看望我们。 (2)宾语从句 The teacher suggested that we (should) have a rest. 老师建议我们休息。,(3)表语从句 My suggestion is that we (should)
29、read English newspapers to improve our English. 我建议我们应阅读英文报纸来提高我们的英语水平。,【真题在线】,（2013浙江高考）Eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam _ at the age of six months old. A.was B.be C.were D.is 【解析】 选B。考查虚拟语气。句意为：眼科医生建议，孩子的第一次眼睛检查应该在6个月大时进行。recommend建议，其宾语从句中用should do表虚拟语气，且should可以省略。,8it作形式主语和it
30、引导强调句的比较 it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都用连词that，被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。,（2013新课标全国卷II）It was only after he had read the papers _Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete. A. when B. that C. which D. what 【解析】选B。考查强调句型。句意：Gross先
31、生在读了文件后才意识到他面前的这项任务很难完成。题干是强调句型，强调句型的结构是：it+be+被强调部分+that/who+其他。此处被强调部分是only after he had read the papers。故选B。,【真题在线】,找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：1. Can you tell me how many students are there in your class? Can you tell me how many students there are in your class? 2. I dont know where has he gone. I dont k
32、now where he has gone.,规律一：名词从句中须使用陈述语序！,3. We suggested that we would go to the cinema.4. His proposal that we went there on foot is acceptable.,We suggested that we (should) go to the cinema.,His proposal that we (should) go there on foot is acceptable.,规律二：注意虚拟语气的使用！,问题：此类虚拟语气有哪些关键词？,5. If we wil
33、l have a meeting hasnt been decided yet.6. It depends on if the weather is suitable for us to do it.7. The question is if he will be present at the meeting.,Whether we will have a meeting hasnt been decided yet.,It depends on whether the weather is .,The question is whether he will be present .,8. H
34、e asked me if I could go with him or not.,He asked me whether I could go with him or not.,规律三：4种情况只能用whether： 1）位于句子开头； 2）前面有介词； 3）引导表语从句； 4）与or not连用。,9. I think that worthwhile that we spent so much money on these books. 10. That is hard to decide when and where we will hold our sports meeting. 11
35、. Everybody considers it impossible which he wants to finish the job in such a short time. 12. It doesnt matter that you will come or not.,it,It,that,whether,规律四：主语从句和宾语从句在适当的情况下可以借助 “it” 而后置。,问题：想一想是什么“适当的情况”？,Choose the best answers There was no doubt _ it was in the supermarket _ I lost my wallet
36、 yesterday. A. that；that B. whether；whether C. that；whether D. whether；that,课 堂 训 练,2.Although most of them have no doubt _ he will pass the exam, I still wonder _ he has really got everything ready. A. whether; that B. that; whether C. that; that D. whether; whether,3. Everyone knows that _ is dang
37、erous to play with fire, but _ is difficult is to prevent children from playing with fire. A. it； it B. what；what C. it；what D. what；it,4. It is reported that no problems have been discovered in milk products, _ proves newly-produced liquid milk safe. A. that B. what C. which D. where,5._was reported in the paper, more than one hundred miners were saved. A.It B.That C.As D.What,Homework,Revise the language points in reading text. Finish exercises 1-4 on page 5. Finish exercises 1-3 on page 48-49 in workbook.,Goals determine what youre going to be. 人生的奋斗目标决定你将成为怎样的人。,
