1、Emperor of the French, who consolidated and institutionalized many reforms of the French Revolution. One of the greatest military commanders of all time, he conquered the larger part of Europe.During 1802 1815 Napoleon tried to gain control of the whole of Europe. He had great success against all hi
2、s enemies except Britain, whose navy under Nelson defeated the French navy,navy at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, and whose army fought the Peninsular War against him from 1808 to 1814, making him weaker in his other campaigns.,B R _ 3_1,A Brief Introduction to Napoleon Bonaparte,Napoleon Bonapart
3、e (17691821),B R _ 3_2,In 1812 Napoleon lost half a million men when he invaded Russia in winter, and in 1814 the British, Russians, Prussians and Austrians entered Paris. They sent Napoleon to rule the island of Elba in the Mediterranean, but he collected an army around him and returned to Paris. H
4、e was soon defeated again, at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, and was sent to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic, where he died in 1821.,B R _ 3_2_1.1,Napoleons Chronology,Date,Event,August 15, 1769,Born in Ajaccio, Corsia.,April 1796,Italian campaign began.,May 1798,Bonapartes Egyptian
5、campaign began War of the Second Coalition.,MayJune 1800,Bonapartes second Italian campaign.,May 1804,Referendum proclaimed Bonaparte as hereditary Emperor.,B R _ 3_2_1.2,Napoleons Chronology,Date,Event,December 2, 1804,The pope was brought to Paris for his coronation in Notre Dame.,June 1812,Invasi
6、on of Russia.,September 7, 1812,Battle of Borodino.,October 1812,Retreat from Moscow began.,January 1814,Allies crossed the Rhine.,B R _3_2_ 1.3,Date,Event,March 31, 1814,Paris fell.,April 6, 1814,Napoleon abdicated.,March 20, 1815,Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to Paris.,June 18, 1815,Batt
7、le of Waterloo.,May 5, 1821,Napoleon died on Saint Helena.,B R _ 3_2_2.1,The Battle of Waterloo,The Battle of Waterloo is the final and decisive action of the Napoleonic Wars, which effectively ended French domination of the European continent and brought about drastic changes in the political bound
8、aries and the power balance of Europe. Fought on June 18, 1815, near Waterloo, in what is now Belgium, the battle ranks as a great turning point in modern history.,B R _3_2_2.2,Napoleons Campaign,While allies in name, France and Russia were never real friends. Russias economy was being hurt by Napol
9、eon Bonapartes Continental System that banned trade with Britain and internal pressures forced Tsar Alexander to turn a blind eye to those who broke it. Bonaparte decided to bring the Russians back into line and gathered a Grand Army of more than 500,000 men including contingents from all Frances al
10、lies to frighten them. Bonaparte left the army on December 5 to return to Paris where a coup had been foiled and to raise another army. His troops dragged themselves on and on December 7 finally crossed the Niemen out of Russian territory. They had survived, but only 20,000 of them.,B R _Chronology
11、of the War,Chronology of the War,Date,Event,April, 1940,Denmark and Norway were conquered.,June 22, 1941,Hitler launched his long-term attack on the Soviet Union.,September 1, 1939,The Second World War in Europe started with German armies pouring across the Polish frontier.,May 10, 1940,Hitlers troo
12、ps drove into France and within the following six weeks, Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg had surrendered as had France.,B R _3_3.1,Date,Event,September, 1942 February, 1943,A decisive battle was fought at Stalingrad, which was the turning point of the war.,December, 1941,The U. S. A. entered the war
13、 after Japanese planes bombed the American naval base at Pearl Harbor.,June 6, 1944,American, British and Canadian forces landed in Normandy and opened the second front in Europe.,May 2, 1945,The Soviet army took Berlin.,May 7, 1945,Germany surrendered.,B R _3_4.1,Adolf Hitler (18891945): German pol
14、itical and military leader and one of the 20th centurys most powerful dictators. Hitler converted Germany into a fully militarized society and launched World War II in 1939. He made anti-Semitism a keystone of his propaganda and policies and built the Nazi Party into a mass movement. He hoped to con
15、quer the entire world, and for a time dominated most of Europe and much of North Africa. He instituted sterilization and euthanasia measures to enforce his idea of racial purity among the German people and slaughtered millions of Jews, Sinti and Roma (Gypsies), Slavic peoples, and many others, all o
16、f whom he considered inferior.,A Brief Introduction to Adolf Hitler,B R _3_Hitlers Chronology,Hitlers Chronology,Date,Event,1914 1918,Volunteer in German Army. Wounded, gassed, and decorated.,November 11, 1923,Arrested for leading the Munich Beer Hall putsch (coup) against the German national govern
17、ment.,April 23, 1889,Born in Braunau, upper Austria, son of a customs official.,September 1919,Joined German Workers Party, which he reorganized as the National Socialist German Workers (Nazi) Party.,B R _3_Hitlers Chronology,Date,Event,August 19, 1934,Following the death of Paul von Hindenburg, Hit
18、ler assumed presidency while maintaining his other title as chancellor.,September 1, 1939,Invaded Poland, provoking Britain and France to declare war on Germany two days later.,January 30, 1933,Appointed chancellor after Nazis won one-third of votes.,March 7, 1936,Sent troops into the Rhineland in v
19、iolation of treaties of Versailles and Locamo.,April 30, 1945,Committed suicide in Berlin bunker.,B R _3_ Siege of Leningrad,Also known as the 900-Day Siege, blockade by German forces of the USSRs second largest city during World War II, from September 1941 to January 1944. The total destruction of
20、Leningrad was one of Adolf Hitlers major objectives in his Russian campaign and had been specifically mentioned in the Barbarossa directive of December 18, 1940. The Nazi leader had described the city as a center of Jewish-Bolshevik intelligentsia. There was to be no place for Leningrad in the Nazi
21、“New Order”.,Siege of Leningrad,B R _ 4.1_Northern California,Joseph Stalin (18791953): General secretary of the Communist Party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (19221953) and chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (19411953). Under his leadership the USSR was built into
22、a modern economic and military power that repelled Hitlers armies in World War II and rivaled the United States during the Cold War period.,Joseph Stalin,B R _ 4.1_ Joseph Stalin 2,Joseph Stalin (18791953): General secretary of the Communist Party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1
23、9221953) and chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (19411953). Under his leadership the USSR was built into a modern economic and military power that repelled Hitlers armies in World War II and rivaled the United States during the Cold War period.,Joseph Stalin,G R _ Part Division of the
24、Text 1,Part Division of the Text,Parts,Para(s),Main Ideas,2,1,112,Introduction Both Napoleons and Hitlers military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter.,1362,Napoleons military campaign against Russia.,G R _ Part Division of the Text 2,Parts,Para(s),Main Ideas,3,63113,Hitle
25、rs military campaign against the Soviet Union.,4,114117,Conclusion The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.,G R _ 2_4,Strength of invading force,Starting time of invasion,Start of war,Country invaded,Invading country,A Comparison-and-Contrast Analysis of the Two Invasio
26、ns,Text Analysis,France,Germany,Soviet Union,Russia,Napoleon,Hitler,Spring, 1812,6/22/1941,600,000,the largest land campaign in history,Prediction,quick victory, conquest of Russia in 5 weeks,Blitzkrieg (lightning war), lasting no longer than 3 months,G R _ 2_4,Text Analysis,Truce offer,Major battle
27、s,Capture of the Russian capital,Initial resistance strategy,refusing to stand and fight; retreating eastwards, burning crops and homes,“scorch the earth”, fierce fight to defend major cities,yes,no,Smolensk, Borodino, the Berezina River,Leningrad, Stalingrad,by Napoleon, rejected by the Czar,no,G R
28、 _ 2_4,Text Analysis,A Comparison-and-Contrast Analysis of the Two Invasions,Napoleon abdicated and went into exile, his empire at an end,Biggest enemy for the invading force,Turning point,Fate of the invading force,War-provokers fate,snow, freezing temperature,heavy rain, “General Mud”, snow, freez
29、ing temperature,October 1812 when Napoleon ordered a retreat,1943, when the Soviet troops pushed the German forces back,only 100, 000 survived,heavy losses,Hitler committed suicide, his empire collapsing,D R _ S_1 But he was not ,Analyze the structure of the sentence.,“that met him in Moscow” is an
30、attributive clause modifying “the devastating enemy” while “the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter” is in apposition to “the devastating enemy”.,But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.,Translate the sentence into Chinese.,但他没有料到在
31、莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。,D R _ S_ 2 Hitler expected ,What does this sentence imply?,It implies that Hitlers Russian campaign still ended in failure.,Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon before him, was taught a painful lesson.,D R _ S_ 2 Napoleon offered ,Paraphrase “offered a truce” and
32、“bide his time”.,“Offer a truce” means “offer an agreement to stop fighting”. “Bide his time” means “wait patiently for a chance”.,Why did the Russian czar say “We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us”?,Because the Russian winter was raw, bitter, bleak and the Grand Armys supply lines m
33、oved slowly, the Russian czar was confident that they would defeat the Grand Army.,Napoleon offered a truce to Alexander I, but the Russian czar knew he could bide his time: “We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us.”,D R _ S_ 2The Russian winter ,The Russian winter again came to the aid
34、 of the Soviet soldiers.,Paraphrase the sentence.,The Russian winter at last helped the Soviet soldiers to fight off their enemy.,大军紧追不舍，但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输缓慢而停顿下来。,D R _ S_ 3 The Grand Army ,The Grand Army followed, but its advance march soon became bogged down by slow-moving supply lines.,become/be/ge
35、t bogged down: be unable to make progress,Most of the tanks were bogged down because of mechanical defects and inexperienced crews.,The local government got bogged down in problems of how to handle the emission of hazardous chemicals by industrial facilities.,Translate the sentence into Chinese.,Wha
36、t is the meaning of “became dogged down”?,D R _ S_ 5 Napoleon confident,1. Whats the function of “confident of a quick victory” in the sentence?,It is an adjective phrase, which serves as an adverbial modifier (状语), indicating the cause.,Napoleon, confident of a quick victory, predicted the conquest
37、 of Russia in five weeks.,2. What can you infer from the sentence about Napoleons characters?,He is self-confident, but too proud.,D R _ S_ 7 At the Berezina,At the Berezina River, the Russians nearly trapped the retreating French by burning the bridges over the swollen river.,Paraphrase the phrase
38、“the swollen river”.,the swollen river: the rising river,Translate the sentence into Chinese.,在别列兹那河，俄国人焚烧了涨水的河道上的桥梁，差点将后撤的法军困于河边。,D R _ S_ 8 Caught off guard 1,catch off guard: take sb. by surprise,Whats the meaning of “caught off guard”?,Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Joseph Stali
39、n instructed the Russian people to “scorch the earth” in front of the German invaders.,The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.,The manager didnt know what to say. It was clear that my question had caught him off guard.,Why did Stalin instruct the Russian people to “scorch the earth”?,In t
40、his way, Hitlers army couldnt get any supply.,D R _ S_ Caught off guard 2,苏联领导人约瑟夫斯大林被打了个措手不及，他指示全国人民在德国入侵者到来之前实行“焦土”政策。,What is the meaning of this sentence in Chinese?,D R _ S_ 10 The loss of ,The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally turned the tide against Hitler.,Paraphrase the sentence.,In
41、 Hitlers Russian campaign, the battle for Stalingrad was a turning point, from which German troops became weak and was at a dilemma.,D R _ word _ raw,raw: adj. cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzed,The event took place on a raw February morning.,这块砧板是专门用来切生肉的。,This cutt
42、ing board is only used to cut raw meat.,Raw materials are the natural substances from which industrial products are made.,On October 4, 1957, Soviet scientists launched the worlds first artificial satellite, called Sputnik.,D R _ word _ launch 1,launch: vt.,Beginning in the early 1960s, humans launc
43、hed probes to explore other planets.,这家电脑公司今年开始生产一种新产品。,This computer company launches a new product this year.,1) start,2) send (sth.) on its course,D R _ word _ launch 2,Collocation:,launch an attack,发动进攻,launch a massive campaign,发动一场大规模的运动,launch a company,开一家公司,launch threats at sb.,向某人发出威胁,lau
44、nch into,（积极有力地）开始,launch out,（精力充沛或戏剧性地）开始,He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking drugs.,他开始作关于吸毒危险性的长篇演说。,She wants to be more than a singer and is launching out into films.,她不仅仅是想当一名歌手，而且正在积极涉足电影界。,D R _ word _ campaign 1,campaign: n. a series of military operations or planned
45、activities with a particular aim,在我们城市开展的灭鼠运动开端良好。,The government is launching a massive campaign against corruption.,campaign 通常指在一场大的战争中，某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动，也可作引申用。,campaign, battle & war 这三个词都是名词，均含有“战斗，战争”之意。,CF:,The campaign against rats in our city got off to a good start.,D R _ word _ campai
46、gn 2,battle 强调指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。 war 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。,campaign, battle & war 这三个词都是名词，均含有“战斗，战争”之意。,CF:,Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. 1. Many criminals were proceeded against following World War II. 2. The A
47、merican presidential lasts for eighteen months.,war,_,campaign,_,D R _ word _ campaign 3,3. It was a decisive we won the because of it. 4. The Philippines had suffered grievously under the Japanese occupation. A highly effective guerillacontrolled sixty percent of the islands, mostly jungle and moun
48、tain areas.,battle,_,war,_,campaign,_,D R _ word _ efficient,efficient: adj. working well, quickly and without waste,To cut back on fossil fuels, we should build more efficient cars.,雇佣未受良好训练的工人效果是不会好的。,It is not efficient to hire poorly trained workers.,D R _ word _ conquest 1,conquest: n. conqueri
49、ng, defeat,Hitler badly miscalculated when he assumed the conquest of the USSR would be simple.,The year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of Poland by Germany.,1939 年德国征服了波兰。,conquest 指获取胜利或征服，把失败者置于控制之下。 triumph 着重指胜利或成功的辉煌。 victory 普通用词，主要指在战争、斗争或竞赛中获得的胜利，强调艰辛与成功。,conquest, triumph & victory 这三个词都是
50、名词，均含有“胜利”之意。,CF:,D R _ word _ conquest 2,Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.1. Under the leadership of the Party, we are marching from to . 2. The Yangtze Bridge is a great of modern civil engineering. 3. It was a of human intellect, and also international cooperation and communication. 4. In process of time, Rome became a great empire by.,
