1、, 西 方 文 化 概 论 ,第一章 古希腊罗马文化,第一节 爱琴文明与希腊神话传说,一、克里特与迈锡尼二、希腊神话传说的源流三、赫希俄德的神谱四、荷马史诗与“系统叙事诗”,黑暗时代 英雄时代,公元前12世纪末期，一批来自北方的野蛮的印欧语系游牧入侵者多利亚人冲入了希腊半岛，摧毁了迈锡尼文明，并且使爱琴海地区陷入了长达三个多世纪的“黑暗时代”。线性文字B被废弃了，希腊人重新陷入文盲状态。 这个“黑暗时代”通常也被称为“英雄时代”，因为荷马史诗和其它一些英雄传说都是在这个时期形成的。 直到公元前8世纪左右，腓尼基字母文字的传入才再度把希腊人带入文明生活中。荷马史诗正是在这样的背景下产生的。,Ph
2、oenician alphabet,腓尼基字母表,腓尼基地图,腓尼基人的贸易航线,Map of Phoenician and Greek colonies at about 550 BC.,四、荷马史诗与“系统叙事诗”,荷马的伊利亚特和奥德赛将英雄传说和神界故事糅杂在一起，向后人们展现了一部波澜壮阔的英雄史诗。 这两部史诗所记载的故事都是对迈锡尼时期曾经发生过的战争和航海活动的一种神话化的渲染，是对阿卡亚人以往英雄业绩的赞美讴歌。,Priamos 普里阿摩斯,The dream of Hecuba,Paris 帕里斯,Prometheus,海洋女神 Tethys 忒堤斯,Peleus 珀琉斯,
3、The Wrath of Achilles, by Franois-Lon Benouville (18211859),Iliad,The Iliad is an epic poem which is traditionally attributed to Homer. Set in the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of Ilium by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Aga
4、memnon and the warrior Achilles. Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about the siege. Along with the Odyssey, also attributed to Homer, the Iliad is among the oldest extant works of Western literature, an
5、d its written version is usually dated to around the 8th century BC. The Iliad contains over 15,000 lines, and is written in Homeric Greek, a literary amalgam of Ionic Greek with other dialects.,Judgement of Paris,Prince Paris With Apple,Odyssey,The Odyssey is one of two major ancient Greek epic poe
6、ms attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the Iliad, the other work traditionally ascribed to Homer. Indeed it is the secondthe Iliad being the firstextant work of Western literature. It was probably composed near the end of the 8th century BC, somewhere in Ionia, the Greek-speaking coasta
7、l region of what is now Turkey. The poem mainly centers on the Greek hero Odysseus and his long journey home following the fall of Troy. It takes Odysseus ten years to reach Ithaca after the ten-year Trojan War. In his absence, it is assumed he has died, and his wife Penelope and son Telemachus must
8、 deal with a group of unruly suitors, the Mnesteres or Proci, competing for Penelopes hand in marriage.,Ithaca within the Ionian Islands,Aegean Sea,系统叙事诗,公元前8世纪之后，即稍晚于荷马和赫西俄德之后，希腊地区盛行一种继续以神话和英雄传说为主题的“系统叙事诗”。比如小伊利亚特和特洛伊失陷记等。 与荷马史诗不同，“系统叙事诗”把某些英雄的家族历史和不幸遭遇当作叙述的主题，并且开始明显地突出命运和神谕的重要性，从而具有了最初的悲剧色彩。 “系统叙事
9、诗”构成了从向往邈远国度和神奇际遇的古老民间传说（如特洛伊战争和奥德修历险记）向悲壮凝重的希腊悲剧它的重要主题是英雄家族的厄难命运过渡的重要中介。 在这些叙事诗所展现的每一个英雄家谱背后，都有一只无形的手在操纵着故事情节的发展，这只无形然而却发挥着不可抗拒的巨大作用的手就是所谓的命运。,The death of Hector on a Roman sarcophagus（石棺）, c. 200 AD,Heinrich Schliemann,Heinrich Schliemann (German pronunciation; (1822 1890) was a German businessma
10、n and archaeologist, and an advocate of the historical reality of places mentioned in the works of Homer.Schliemann was an archaeological excavator of Troy, along with the Mycenaean sites Mycenae and Tiryns. His work lent weight to the idea that Homers Iliad and Virgils Aeneid reflect actual historical events.,The so-called Mask of Agamemnon which was discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876 at Mycenae (whether it represents an individual, and if so, whom, remains unknown),
