1、Word Meaning-1,Lexicology,Session 9,Major Topics,word meaning polysemy Assignment,I. Word Meaning,Grammatical meaning; Lexical meaning,Classification of lexical meaning,conceptual meaning associative meaning,Conceptual meaning,also know as cognitive / referential meaning; the dictinary meaning; the
2、same for all speakers; the central factor in communication,Associative meaning,connotative meaning; social meaning/stylistic meaning ; affective meaning; collocational meaning,connatative meaning-1,Definition: the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in ones mind; it is the supple
3、mentary value which is added to the purely conceptual meaning of a word.,social meaning-1,Definition: Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. Three kinds of words(common words, formal words and informal words) are used on different occasion
4、s.,social meaning-2,Common words-1: used on any occasion (formal ,social meaning-3,Formal words-1: Learned words; usually used in books, newspapers, documents and serious speeches; Many derived from Latin or Greek ;,social meaning-4,Informal words-1: Informal words include colloquialisms, slang, vul
5、garisms, jargon, and argot.,social meaning-5,Informal words-2: Colloquialisms are used in ordinary, familiar or informal conversation.,social meaning-6,Informal words-3: brolly, nippy, daddy, wash up, put up with, bike, phone, OK make-up, let-down, carry-on, fridge, awfully, terrific, wonderful, abs
6、olutely.,social meaning-7,Informal words-4: Slang is a kind of language that is not acceptable in serious speech or writing. It is regarded as informal or impolite and is used among particualar groups of people.,social meaning-8,Informal words-5: bean, block, nut, dome, upperstorey, belfry, coco; br
7、ead,dough, lolly,chickenfeed, buck ;,social meaning-9,Informal words-6: Vulganisms are words not usually used by educated persons.,social meaning-10,Informal words-7: knowed for knew; drownded for drowned; would of for would; seen for saw,social meaning-11,Informal words-8: Professionalism or jargon
8、 is a kind of language that is hard to understand because it is full of special words known only to the people of a certain group.,social meaning-12,Informal words-9: hypo ; buster,social meaning-13,Informal words-10: Argot is a kind of speech spoken and understood by a small class of people, especi
9、ally thieves.,social meaning-14,Informal words-11: can-opener ; dip ; spear,affective meaning-1,Definition: Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.,affective meaning-2,Examples: slender - skinny / statesman -politician / foreigner - alie
10、n/replica - copy - counterfeit/ intercede - intervene - interfere .,collocative meaning-1,Definition: It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs.,collocative meaning-2,Examples: clear sky; conscience; idea; road; strong tea; language; hands ; a leader quiver w
11、ith excitement; tremble with fear; Humans +wander/ +stroll; Animals +wander/- stroll; profound/deep sympathy; -profound/ +deep hole a suspicious woman/ a suspicious character,II. Polysemy,definition; points to remember sense relations,1. Definition-1,Gr: polys- much; sema- meaning A term used in sem
12、antic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings, which are related.,1. Definition-2,Example-1: fair (of attitude, behaviour) just and honest; (of results ) average, neithr particularly good nor particularly bad; ; (of the weather) clear and sunny; (of amount)satisfa
13、ctory, abundant; (of skin, hair) light in colour;,2. Points to remember-1,Polysemy is the rule and monosemy is the exception. Polysemy is a universal feature of all languages. The commoner the word, the more meanings it has. Polysemy is an essential feature of a languages economy and efficiency. Som
14、e polysemic words have differennnt affective and stylistic meanings for their individual senses.,2. Points to remember-2,Example-2: pround She was pround to be part of such a prestigious project. Pround and boastful, Jaggers was typical of the young brokers.,2. Points to remember-3,Example-3: aggres
15、sive The men were drunk, aggressive and looking for a fight. A successful bussinessman has to be aggressive.,3. Sense relations-1,Example-4: case an example of a particular situation, problem a question or problem that will be dealt with by a law court an exmaple of a particularly disease,From gener
16、al to particular,3. Sense relations-2,Example-5: beauty Beauty is but skin deep. She is a real beauty.,From abstract to concrete,3. Sense relations-3,Example-6: reflect A mirror reflects light. Their action reflect their thought.,From literal to figurative,3. Sense relations-4,Practice-1: pride His
17、heart swelled with pride. The bright boy is the pride of his parents.,From abstract to concrete,3. Sense relations-5,Practice-2: cool There was a cool breeze blowing off the sea. Her gaze was decidedly cool.,From literal to figurative,3. Sense relations-6,Practice-3: nerve Did he have the nerve to s
18、ay that? The dentist was drilling and he hit a nerve.,From abstract to concrete,3. Sense relations-7,Practice-4: government the art of government the government of the Peoples Republic of China,From abstract to concrete,3. Sense relations-8,Practice-5: eye He has an eye for the beauty. His eyes are
19、very beautiful.,From abstract to concrete,3. Sense relations-9,Practice-6: blanket This blanket is very warm. The valley was covered with a blanket of snow. All the rooftops were blanketed in snow. They did that just to blanket their scandal.,From literal to figurative,3. Sense relations-10,Practice-7: flaw There is a slight flaw in that china vase. The lack of reliable statistics was a fundamental flas in Waltons argument. Jealousy is Othelleos major flaw.,From literal to figurative,IV. Assignment,Finish reading pp115-136. Finish the exercises concerning polysemy.,The End,
