1、慧 境 神 遊 Journey to Different Levels Of Wisdom -From Chinese Religions/Philosophies to Christian Faith,基督信仰與儒釋道境界 Prof. Thomas Leung 梁燕城教授,Ordinary people is just living , working ,but also suffering ageing and dieing.What then is the meaning of life. 生存、工作、追求成功、 痛苦、衰老、死亡、 問為何有這一切？ 為何有人生？,生活境界 Horizo
2、n of everyday life,The horizon of emptiness,In reflecting the meaning ,the first enlightenment is that everthing is changing ,all things are in the state of impermanence . This is the heart of Buddhism :The recognition of the horizon of emptiness,無常，空的境界 Horizon of Emptiness,覺悟生滅變化，緣起性空，破除執著生活境界 Hor
3、izon of everyday life,The Dao(Tao),The second enlightenment: From emptiness to the awareness of the dao. All things are not only changing ,but there are unchangeable ways to direct the developing. There should have an ontological Way to arrange the development of everything.This is call the Dao.,規律，
4、道的境界 Horizon of The Dao,萬有循道各路而發展，宇宙有奇異設計 有一偉大的道，架構變化中的不變規律 空的境界Emptiness 生活境界Everyday life,human goodness,The third enlightenment: From awareness of the Dao to pursuit of human goodness . The recognition horizon of human nature and its ontological foundation : Heaven .Heaven is the source of goodne
5、s and creativity This is the central idea of Confucianism.,recognition,生生不息，天的境界 Horizon of Creativity,創造性力量，貫串在人性與宇宙當中 道的境界 Dao空的境界 Emptiness生活境界 Everyday life,Great God of the highest Heaven,The fourth enlightenment: If Heaven is the origin of human compassion and goodness , then Heaven must has p
6、ersonal feeling and compassion . In ancient time , it is call the great God of the highest Heaven(皇天上帝).,有情天，皇天上帝境界 Horizon of a Personal God,宇宙中的人具情格，其來源亦應具親情， 為有位格的真理。 天的境界 Creativity 道的境界 Dao 空的境界 Emptiness 生活境界 Everyday life,上帝 Real God,There is a gap between the God of philosophy and the God in
7、 reality . Is it possible that this personal God can reveal Himself and bridges the gap?皇天上帝境界 Personal God 天的境界Creativity 道的境界 Dao 空的境界 Emptiness 生活境界 Everyday life,人的上溯,人思考與修為盡頭,A revealed God,The fifth enlightenment: human being encounters a God who directly revealed and communicated to human bei
8、ng. A compassionate God who acts in human history. Through the incarnation and salvation of Jesus Christ , an I-Thou relationship between God and human being can be estublished.,上帝 Real God,真神的啟示 REVELATION皇矣上帝境界 Personal God 天 的境界Creativity 道的境界 Dao 空的境界Emptiness 生活境界Everyday life,人,God of Trinity,
9、救贖 Salvation皇矣上帝境界 Personal God 天的境界 Creativity 道的境界 Dao 空的境界 Emptiness 生活境界 Everyday life,上帝從道創造世界,中國民間信仰的來龍去脈 Supermarket of the gods Understanding of the Chinese Folk religions,神靈超級市場,根源篇 The Roots,天壇 Altar of Heaven,天壇內景,皇天上帝,詩經皇矣篇,皇矣上帝 臨下有赫 監觀四方 求民之莫,How great is our God (Lord in the highest)He
10、 looks down from Heaven with gloryHe watches over the four corners of the worldAnd pursues good fortune for the people,詩經周頌文王篇,維此文王 小心翼翼 昭事上帝,Only the great Emperor WenAs careful as possibleTo serve the Highest Lord,書經湯誓,夏氏有罪 予畏上帝 不敢不正,King Tang spoke to his army :The family of Emperor Xia committed
11、 to sin .I am the one who fear God ,so that I must raise an army to revolt against them.,祖先崇拜 The Rites of Paying Respect to the Ancestors,祖先是配上帝而祭 禮記 萬物本乎天 All things originate from the heaven人本乎祖Humanity originated from the ancestor 所以配上帝也It has to be respected together with God郊之祭，報本反始也 The rites
12、 of Jiao（worshiping God ），is for returning to the origin 。,論語 孔子：未能事人，焉能事鬼 曾子：慎終追遠，民德歸厚矣 Confucius says ，“If I can not serve man better ，how can I serve the ghosts。 Zeng Zi says“（Respecting the ancestor）is for caring on the matter of the death and the past。It is to help cultivate the human moral con
13、sciousness 。,西溪叢話： 行香於經書無載， 起於胡人習俗 Burning incense is not from Chinese tradition，it is imported by the north western Buddhist tribes during the time they invaded and hence stated in China after 316 AD.。,印度有中陰身 (Antara-bhava)之說，為吃香之鬼物 後佛教以人死後變成中有狀態，即中陰身，留在地上四十九天，第七天回魂，故以香祀之。 The Indian Buddhist belie
14、ves that the ghost (Antara-bhava) need to eat incense and stay 49 days on earth.,秦始王自稱皇帝，統治者成爲皇天上帝。 人民卻失去上帝和永生的盼望。 The Emperor Zhing proclaimed himself as God (Lord in the highest),then the concept of God was identified with the ruler.Chinese people hense lose the understanding of God.,道教起源,Origin o
15、f Daoism,the Immortalsand the quest for eternal life,Zhang Dao Ling,Heavenlyteacher,道教起源 The Three Highly Pure Immortals,supernatural administration,天界 Heaven,被封神仙的人 Immortals,自然現象諸神靈 gods of nature,北,西,東,南,west,Heaven,北 north,西 west,東 east,南 south,The Greatest Jade Emperor,Southern Old Immortal,Wes
16、tern Mother Eastern Father,北,西,東,南,北,General Rain Uncle Wind,天界,Lady Lightening Uncle Thundering,天界,被封神仙的人 Human Immortals,被封神仙的人 Appointed humans as immortals,道教神靈行政圖 1.2,Supernatural administration 2,河海界 Seaand river,地界 earth,冥界 Under World,Goddess of the toilet (not washroom) god of the stove, go
17、d of the moat, god of the earth, god of the mountain,地界 gods of earth,three gods of the heaven , earth and water,god of heaven,god of money,The black and white demons of death,god of local land,god of local mountain,God of the local land,lady of the toilet (not washroom),gentleman of the stove,河海界 g
18、ods of sea and river,冥界 gods of under world,The demons of death (the bull head and the horse face demons),民間佛教 Local Buddhism,The life of Buddha :Myth or Fact?,One of the first biographies was the Buddhacarita which is written in second century A.D. ,seven hundred years after the historical Buddha .
19、 The first buddhist text was written in 8 B.C. , five hundred years after the Buddha. There are four councils for gathering the word of the Buddha , but is only setting up an oral tradition .From the perspective of scholarly research , all the Buddhist texts presents myth rather than fact.,佛陀生平 Life
20、 of Buddha Written in second century A. D. When born ,he stood up and walked seven steps said “I am the only one who is the best in all heavens as well as on the earth .”,By profound understanding of suffering ,Gotama left home and searched for way of liberation .At the age of 35 , he attained enlig
21、htenment.,He promoted his teaching everywhere .At the age of 80 , he died of stomach disease,佛像的起源 The origin of Buddha statues In 120A.D. Kushan king Kaniska control northern India , started to build the Buddha statues.,They invented the Buddhas image from the descriptions of the buddhist texts .,菩
22、薩的起源 The origin of Bodhisattva,菩提薩多 Bodhisattva means the one who searches for enlightenment 原意:覺有情 原是指佛的前生, 大乘佛教創造各種不同的菩薩 The Jataka created more than 500 stories of Buddhas precious life for the integration of other Hindu gods ,hence describes this pre-exist states as the half Buddha ,that is Bodh
23、isattva,觀音菩薩 (Guanyin),梵名Avalokitevara原意是觀自在, 來自印度教的慈悲神Aysin, 加上自在神Ivara, 兩神結論合而被佛教創造出來 It is a combination of two Hindu gods : Aysin and Ivara.,印度的男性千手觀音,中國變成性女性觀音,佛教宇宙觀 Buddhist cosmology,Three realms and 28 mortal heavens,無色界 色界 欲界,共二十八天,The four heavenly kings,四大天王長常各執一物，譬喻風、調、雨、順。刀劍比喻為風；手彈琵琶，有調
24、順之義；手握傘蓋，比喻為雨；手擒龍者，喻為順。 東方持國天王。 西方廣目天王。 南方增長天王。 北方多聞天王。,佛教宇宙觀 1,The ruling god of the land,佛教宇宙觀 1,Maitreya,共二十八天,Reincarnation,Kshitigarbha,The under world,The under world 2,Buddha and his disciples,燃燈佛阿彌陀佛 - 釋迦佛 - 藥師佛 彌勒佛,三世佛Three Buddhas in time and space,(橫三世),(豎三世),彌勒佛 阿彌陀佛 藥師佛 釋迦佛,四方佛 Buddhas
25、of the four corners,彌勒佛Maitreya 阿彌陀佛 Amitabha 藥師佛 釋迦佛 Manla,滿天神佛,Dalai Lama was the disciple of Tsong khapa and being proclaimed as the one who shall reincarnate after dead . The third reincarnated body was called by the Mongol khan as Dalai , means ocean of wisdom , and Lama means superior monk . T
26、he khan gave Dalai political power to rule eastern Tibet .,Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism,Mantra : A secret magical spell that can gain power and merit through communication to certain Buddhas , Boddhisattvas or spiritual beings .Tantra: A secret and mystical branch of Buddhism which practiced mantra and
27、 inflenced Tibetan Buddhism.,The cosmic supreme Buddha (Mahavairocana ) taught Nagarjuna the secret knowledge of mantra. The tantra Buddhism spread to Tibet in eighth century by Padma-sambhave. Tsong Khapa (13571419) reformed Buddhism and created the Gelugpa school ( the yellow sect ).,滿天神佛vairocana
28、,Dalai Lama : The first one in history was the disciple of Tsong khapa and being proclaimed as the one who shall reincarnate after dead . The third reincarnated body was called by the Mongol khan as Dalai , which means ocean of wisdom , and Lama means superior monk . The khan gave Dalai political po
29、wer to rule eastern Tibet .,Dalai and Pan-chen,The fifth Dalai was called living Buddha ,then came the tradition of reincarnation of the living Buddha. Pan-chen Lama was the other disciple of Tsong Khana . Pan-chen means great wisdom , he gained political power to rule western Tibet latter .,Chan (Z
30、en) Buddhism,Chan is a translation of the Sanskrit dhyana which means meditation. It changed its character in China ,chan is neither sitting meditation nor concentration ,but direct enlightenment of the mind-heart .,Bodhidharma (460534 ) brought Chan Buddhism to China . Shen-hsius verseThe body is t
31、he tree of perfect wisdom.The mind is the stand of a bright mirror.At all times diligently wipe it .Do not allow it to become dusty.,Hui-nengs verse :Perfect wisdom is not a tree.Nor has the bright mirror any stand.Fundamentally it is nothing there .Where the dust can lay on .,天 道,數 空,神,超越性格 三位一體真神 救恩 神的永能和神性 創造的內在天理 諸天,
