1、过去分词的用法过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式。从语法功能分析，过去分词兼有动词、形容词或副词的特性，可在句中充当定语、表语、宾语补足语或者状语。过去分词通常与逻辑主语之间存在被动关系，表示被动或完成。一, 过去分词作定语(一)过去分词作定语时的意义不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动意义；及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动含义或已经完成的被动动作。(1) 表示完成不表示被动fallen leaves 落叶 the risen sun 升起的太阳(2) 表示被动an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人(3) 表示被动和完成the broken glass 碎了的杯子
2、the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题 (二) 过去分词作定语时的位置(1)前置定语：单个过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的词之前The broken vase has been thrown outside.(2)后置定语：过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。The suggestion (which had been) sent to the committee was adopted.【注意】(1) 有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也也放在所修饰的名词之后：left(剩余的),given(所给的 ),co
3、ncerned(有关的)There is little time left. Lets hurry up.(2) 过去分词修饰代词时，应置于被修饰词之后He is one of those invited.(3) 有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置的意义不同This is a used car which is worth only 5000 yuan. (这是一辆价值五千元的旧车)The method used is very efficient. (所用的这个方法很有效)(4)过去分词可作非限制性定语，用来说明被修饰词的情况，前面常用逗号与被修饰的成分分开。A girl, dressed li
4、ke a student, came in and sat beside me.(三) 现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别（1）过去分词与所修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系，表示一个已完成的动作，现在分词与所修饰的名词之间存在主谓关系，它表示一个正在进行的动作。This is a letter written in black ink.There are so many people showing interest in surfing the Internet.(2)过去分词作定语表示被修饰的人或相关的人的自身感受，现在分词作定语表示所修饰的人或物对别人造成的感受。Have you noticed
5、the surprised expression on his face ? (他很惊讶)What came to us was surprising news.(消息令人吃惊)二、过去分词作表语（一）过去分词可放在系动词 be, get, feel, remain, seem, look, become 等之后作表语，表示主语所处的状态The door remained locked.(二)过去分词作表语多表示人自身的感觉、感受和人自身的状态；现在分词作表语则多表示事物特有的特性，常译作“令人的”He became discouraged.(三)过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别“be+过去分
6、词”表示状态时，是系表结构，此时分词通常已形容词化；表示动作时，表示动作时，是被动语态，且绝大多数被动结构中的动作执行者多由介词 by 引出。The book is well written.(系表结构，强调主语所处的状态)The book was written by a soldier.(被动语态，强调主语所受的动作)句型转换1, The girl is dressed in red. The girl is my friend._(过去分词作定语)_（定语从句）2, The story was written by a middle school student. The story i
7、s popular in schools._(过去分词作定语)_（定语从句）3, The time is lost. The time can never be found again._(过去分词作定语)_（定语从句）4, He shows an interest in collecting stamps_(过去分词作定语)5, What he said puzzled him._(过去分词作定语)Answers:1 The girl is dressed in red is my friend.The girl who is dressed in red is my friend.2 Th
8、e story written by a middle school student is popular in schools.The story which was written by a middle school student is popular in schools.3 The lost time can never be found again.The time that is lost can never be found again.4 He is interested in collecting stamps5 He felt puzzled at what he sa
9、id.二, 过去分词作宾语补足语过去分词作宾语补足语时表明宾语是过去分词动作的对象，过去分词与宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。在高中阶段主要有以下几种情况：(一), 使役动词 have, get, make, 和表状态的动词 leave, keep 等后面可用过去分词作宾语补足语。Have you get your films developed? (你的胶卷已冲洗了吗)The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself heard.(演讲者提高嗓音但还是不能让听众听到她的声音)【注意】 “使役动词 have+宾语+过去分词”可以
10、表示三种含义：(1) 主语让别人做某事He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow.(2) 主语遭遇到某种不幸的事情While they were on holiday, they had their car broken into.(3) 使完成某事(事情既可以是别人做完，也可以由主语参与完成)He had the walls painted this morning.二，感官动词 see, notice, observe, watch, feel 等以及表示心理状态的动词 find, consider, think, suppose等后可用过去分词
11、作宾语补足语。I saw an old man knocked down by a car.He didnt notice his wallet stolen.We consider the question solved.【注意】在“感官动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构中，如用过去分词作宾语补足语，表示动作与宾语构成动宾关系或宾语所处的状态；用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行且与宾语构成主谓关系；用不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全部过程已经结束了。I found that dog following a man.I found that dog followed by a man.I saw
12、 he come in.(三) 表示“意愿；命令”的动词，如 like, want, wish, order, would like 等可用过去分词作宾语补足语，相当于过去分词之前省略了 to beThe father wants his daughter taught the piano.The student wouldnt like the problem discussed at the moment.(四) 在“with+名词/代词+过去分词”的复合结构中，过去分词表示被动意义，宾语与过去分词在逻辑上是动宾关系。With all the work done, I feel very
13、relaxed now.An old man was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back . 【注意】在这一结构中，当介词的宾语和后面的动词构成主谓关系时，则用现在分词作宾语补足语；若侧重表示将来的动作，则用不定式作宾语补足语。The girl felt very safe with his mother standing behind her.With so many books to read, I have no time to chat with you.语法巩固,用所给动词的适当形式填空1, This morning I w
14、ent to have my bike _ (repair) at the corner shop.2, After she found herself _ (cheat)， she burst out crying in the street.3, With the math problem _(work out), we all felt happy.4, -Why did you go back to the shop?-I left my friend _ (wait) there.5, The problems we are looking forward to seeing _(s
15、olve) drew great attention from public.6, Having passed all the tests, she felt a great weight _(take) off his mind.Answers1repaired 2cheated 3worked out 4waiting 5to be solved 6taken三，过去分词做状语过去分词（短语）做状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明动作发生的背景或情况，在意义上相当于状语从句，可以跟状语从句转换，表示时间、结果、方式、让步等，其逻辑主语为句子的主语，两者是动宾关系。(一) 过去分词做状语的几种情况
16、1, 时间状语过去分词做时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句。也可在也可在过去分词前加上连词“when, while, until”等，使其时间意义更明确。该状语可置于句首，句尾或主语与谓语之间Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful=When it is seen from the hill, the city looks more beautiful.Dont speak until asked to.= Dont speak until you are asked to.2, 原因状语.过去分词作原因状语，相当于
17、一个原因状语从句。多位于句首，偶尔也出现在句尾和句中。Written in a hurry ,this article was not so good.=Because it was written in a hurry, this article was not so good.The child behaves very well, well brought up by his parents.(由于受到父母良好的教育，这个孩子举止规矩有理)3，条件状语可用在 if, unless 之后，相当于一个条件状语从句。Given more time, we could do it much be
18、tter.=If we are given more time, we could do it much better.4,让步状语有时可用在 although, though , even if , even though, whether or等连词之后，相当于一个让步状语从句。多用于句首，偶尔也出现在句尾。Though warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields= Though they had been warned of the storm, the farmers were still work
19、ing in the fields5,方式或伴随状语此时相当于由 and 连接的并列结构，该状语可置于句首、句末或句中。The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of his students= The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of his students.He accepted the gift, deeply moved.= He accepted the gift, and she was deeply moved.6,独立成分：独立成分在句中作插入语，表示说话人的态度。过去分词作独立成分，其逻辑主语不受句子主语的限制。Put frankly, I dont agree with what he said.Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. )
