1、The Process and Methods of Translation,The Process of Translation:（ 理解 表达 校核 ）,Comprehension,Expression,Revision,. Comprehension/ Analysis理解阶段 (Accurate),Comprehension and appreciation of the source text are fundamental to any attempts at translating.A. to comprehend the linguistic aspect指理解原文中的词汇含义
2、、句法结构和惯用法等等。Three steps ： 通读全文，领略大意。 明辨语法，弄清关系。 联系上下，推敲词义。,这些技巧很实用，在实践中用得很多。除此之外，还要注意专业范围。同一个词，用在不同的专业中，意思往往有所不同。E.g.： We must insert a new fuse every time a fuse has functioned.这里insert和function按原来意思“插进”和“作用”去理解法意，肯定不行。当把它们和电工知识联系起来时，意思才清楚。此句译成：“每当保险丝是烧断后，我们就换上新的。”,B. to comprehend the logical rela
3、tions逻辑关系含义很广，在文章中经常碰到的有思维逻辑和语言逻辑等。一个作者，在正常情况下，写文章都是按一定的思维逻辑去发展的，前后统一，没有矛盾。译者应很好的去理解原文的这种逻辑关系。如果我们的理解前后有矛盾，则有可能我们某个地方理解错了。需要重新理解，直到把矛盾理顺位置。E.g.：有个西方进步记者去到解放区，看到那里的情况很受感动，大加赞扬。于是写了一篇文章进行报道，其中有那么一句：The people in the liberated region are aggressive. 我们顺着作者的思维逻辑，就可以肯定，这里的aggressive应是“有进取心的”而不能是“侵略的”。除了思
4、维逻辑，还有语言逻辑，即作者写文章的方法和使用语言的规律性，看看他喜欢用什么词等等。,此外，还要理解作者思维逻辑和语言逻辑的关系。通过语言的理解，可以理解作者的思维逻辑，而掌握了作者的思维逻辑，反过来又可以帮助我们更好的理解文章的语言现象。甚至有些从语法上难以理解的语言问题，通过思维逻辑却可以得到解决。E.g.：Tom is now with his wife in Chicago. It is already 5 years since he was in New York City. 按照一般的语言习惯，后一句很可能有人译为：“他在纽约市居住已经五年了。”如果这样理解，那和前面所说的“他现
5、在同妻子住在芝加哥”相矛盾。人家会问：他现在究竟在哪里？有了这个疑问，再去查阅一下，问题就清楚了：Since与was或were连用，表示“结束”，那么这个句子便可译为：“汤姆现在同妻子住在芝加哥，他不在纽约住已经五年了。”,C. to comprehend the contextual aspects对原作的语言现象、逻辑关系作了分析后，如果还有不理解的地方，翻译不出来，则应对原文所涉及的事物作点了解。某些特有事物、典故、专门术语和历史背景等，往往有它的特殊含义。我们了解原作所涉及的事物，可以帮助我们正确理解原文，搞好翻译。E.g.：From time to time, we have to
6、do rather tricky jobs and feel that one of our fingers is getting in the way. We say that we are all thumbs.“我们有时要干些精细活儿，但感到手指不听使唤，我们说自己笨手笨脚。”这里be all thumbs是习语，已经不是原来的意思。E.g.：Where is John? To hold the potato“厕所在哪里？” “请你耐心一点。”,. Expression/ Restructuring表达阶段 (Smooth),The process of restructuring in
7、volves the organization of the lexical, syntactic, and discourse features of the transferred text so as to provide maximal comprehension and appreciation on the part of the intended readers.表达，也就是把已经理解了的原作内容，选择适当的译文语言材料，重新表达出来。,所谓表达则是把自己所理解的内容，忠实而通顺地传达给译语的读者。表达是理解的结果和深化。表达的好坏，和理解的程度有关，也与译者对译文语言的掌握程度
8、有关。 表达是指将原文（即SL的信息），用TL重新说一遍，要求不失原意，保持原作的风格特色（即原文流畅的译文也要流畅，原文优美动人的译文也要优美动人，原文是艺术品译文也应该是艺术品），而且还要符合译语的表达习惯。,E.g.： The present administration is a far cry from the last one.现在行政人员在作风上与前任大不相同。but not many movies are made in Hollywood today. 译文一：但如今没有好多影片是在好莱坞摄制的。 译文二：但如今好莱坞摄制的影片已经不多了。,. Revision 校核阶段 (
9、Careful),Check-up (at least twice)Once: seek for the mistranslation, unnecessary addition or omissionTwice: seek for the awkward expressionsThe cold weather frosted up the track last night.审校前：昨晚寒冷的天气使跑道上结了霜。审校后：昨晚天气寒冷，跑道上结了霜。Its a lot easier to get in the hole than to get out again.审校前：进洞容易出洞难。审校后：
10、负债很容易，要把债还清却困难得多。,Translation Methods The process of translation consists of two phases (three steps): comprehension and expression (check-up). Generally speaking, comprehension is of foremost importance, and expression is the natural consequence of thorough comprehension. Because in the practice of
11、 translation we may find that now and then some words in their usual senses and structures are very difficult to deal with because of the disparity between the English and the Chinese languages. In this case, we have to resort to some special means of translation which are LT & FL.,Literal translati
12、on & Free Translation 直译&意译,Literal Translation （直译）also called word-for-word translation, is ideally the segmentation of the source language text into individual words and target language rendering of those word-segments one at a time.是指在转达原文意思时，使译文的表达形式和句法结构尽量同原文一致起来，能完全对等的就完全对等，不能完全对等的也要大致对等, 强调“
13、形似”。但理想目标是做到“神”、“形”兼备。即不但表达原文内容，而且保持原文形式上的特点，如比喻、形象、民族特色等。,burn ones boat 破釜沉舟 Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳zebra line 斑马线（人行横道）dry red wine干红dry white wine 干白 win-win situation双赢局面,Time is money. 时间就是金钱。An empty sack cannot stand upright空袋立不直。Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.。早起的鸟儿有虫吃。 No news is good news. 没有消息
14、就是好消息 Arollingstonegathersnomoss.滚石不生苔 (转业不聚财)His novel is a mirror of the times.他的小说是时代的一面镜子。,Free/ Liberal translation（意译）also known as sense-for-sense translation, emphasizes transfer of the meaning or “spirit” of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording.指的是将一种语言所表达的意义用另一种
15、语言做释义性解释，在转换过程中不必过分拘泥于原文形式。由于英语和汉语之间在词汇、句子结构、语体风格和文化因素等方面千差万别，因此在转换的过程中难免存在无法找到完全对等的翻译方法，只能结合上下文和文化背景正确理解原文的意思之后按照目标语言的规律和习惯来进行翻译。Free translation involves the application of many translation skills such as addition, omission, repetition, conversion, negation, etc. 。,a land of honey and milk 鱼米之乡 in
16、 the dark 直译: 在黑暗中 ，意译 :一无所知They are the salt of the earth.他们都是社会中坚/精英分子。The child is father of the man.童年经历决定成年后的性格。三岁定终生。Whatislearnedinthecradleiscarriedtothegrave.儿时所学，终生难忘。Victory/success has a hundred fathers and defeat/failure is an orphan. 胜利/成功有上百个父亲，失败却是个孤儿。(直译) 胜利/成功众人争功，失败无人引咎。(意译),They
17、had come as a good bat up the slope and a little out of breath.他们飞快地走上斜坡，因而有点上气不接下气。贾珍感谢不尽，说：“待服满，亲自带小犬到府叨谢。”于是作别。 （红楼梦）Chia Chen thanked him warmly and promised, “When the mourning is over I shall bring my worthless son to your honorable mansion to kowtow his thanks.” And so they parted.,基本原则：as li
18、teral as possible, as free as necessary（奈达：On Translation)直译与意译的优劣各有千秋，应视情况而定。直译要防止“硬译”、“死译”，意译要防止“胡译”。 The man was lying on his stomach. a. 那男子躺在他的肚子上。(死译) b. 那男子坦腹高卧。(胡译) c. 那男子俯卧着。（正译）允许一部分人先富起来。We encourage some people to get rich first. Note：这里如果硬要用“allow”来表示“允许”，外国人一定会误解，为什么只允许一部分人而不是所有的人都富起来。
19、因此，改用“encourage”一词来表示“允许”，就不容易造成误解了。,He is dead, as I live. 他死了，我还活着。 他的的确确是死了。 A great elation overcame them. 一种巨大的欢乐情绪控制了他们。 他们欣喜若狂。 You have my sympathy. 你有我的同情。 我同情你。 Nothing has been done that cannot be done better.没有什么已经做过的事情不能被做得更好了。 任何事情都有改进的余地。,For the following Chinese or English translati
20、on, which one is better? If your mother had known of it, shed have died a second time.LT：如果你母亲知道此事，她一定会死第二次的。FT：如果你母亲知道此事，她一定会气得从棺材（坟墓）中跳出来。,Its a good book.LT：这是一本好书。FT：这本书不错。China is a very big country with a very big population.LT：中国是一个很大的国家，有很多的人口。FT：中国幅员辽阔，人口众多,At the beginning of the year, thi
21、s area saw a big snowfall.LT：在新年的开始，这个地区就经历了一场大雪。 LT：新年一开头，这个地区就下了一场大雪。 FT：新年伊始，这个地区就钦降瑞雪。I love tiger cat,British movies on public television, fluffy blouses, the nuclear family,.LT: 我爱虎猫，（爱）电视上放映的英国影片，有绒毛的短衫，核心家庭。FT：我喜欢虎纹家猫，爱看公共电视台播放的英国影片，爱穿蓬松的罩衫，向往小家庭生活。,屈原抱了块石头，投汨罗江自杀了。LT：Qu Yuan held a large st
22、one in his arms and drowned himself in the Miluo River.FT：Qu Yuan drowned himself in the Miluo River with a large stone in his arms.,Sometimes, literal translation and free translation may be alternately used in the process of translation , as illustrated by the following examples: E.g.:There is no
23、pot so ugly it cant find a lid.LT: 再丑的罐儿也不愁配个盖儿。/ 罐儿再丑，配个盖儿也不愁。FT: 再丑的姑娘也不愁找不到婆家。/ 丑女也不愁嫁。,Little fish does not eat big fish.LT: 小鱼吃不了大鱼。 FL: 胳膊拧不过大腿。What the tongue says, the neck pays for.LT: 舌头说话，脖子还账。 FT: 舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!LT: 孵出来是母鸡就别想冒充公鸡。 FT: 生就是个女人
24、就别想冒充男人。A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.LT: 礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。FL: 大门把你管在外，礼物送到门自开。,静夜思 -李白 床前明月光，疑是地上霜，举头望明月，低头思故乡。,Quiet Night Thought Beside bright moonlight, Is suspected to be frost on the floor. Raising head to watch the bright moon, Lowering head to think of the hometown.
25、 Nostalgia A splash of white on my bedroom floor. Hoarfrost? I raise my eyes to the moon, the same moon. As scenes long past come to mind, my eyes fall again On the splash of white, and my heart aches for home. In the Still of the Night I descry(察觉) bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it
26、to be hoary（灰白色的） frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tilt back my head. I yearn, while stooping（俯身）, for my homeland more.,Translation Methods Domestication & Foreignization 归化 & 异化,1. Definitions of the two terms:Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is ado
27、pted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers.归化是指用具有译语文化色彩的词语来翻译原语，适当的归化能使译文读起来地道和生动。要求译者向译文读者靠拢。,cry up wine and sell vinegar挂羊头卖狗肉seek a hare in hens nest缘木求鱼as old as Methuselah(玛士撒拉是圣经中以诺之子，据说享年969年) 寿比南山as wise as Solomon (所罗门王是圣经中记载的古代以色列王，以智慧著称) 智如
28、诸葛The grass is always greener on the other side.这山望着那山高,Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.异化指在翻译中迁就外来文化的语言特点，用外语的词汇、句式来表达的方式，也叫西化或洋化。异化译法要求译者向原文作者靠拢，采取原文作者使用的表达方式传达原文的
29、内容。,Time is money.时间就是金钱。All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。(殊途同归) An empty sack cannot stand upright空袋立不直。Abirdinthehandisworththantwointhebush.一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。这些女信徒正在拜观音。The female pilgrims are now seen to kowtow to Guanyin.,2、Advantages and Disadvantages 归化译法运用（借用、套用、沿用）目的语的语言结构、思维习惯、表达方式和文化信息来表现源语内容，语言通俗
30、易懂，可实现“达”和“雅”的翻译标准。 中外翻译家都强调译语与原语之间的透明，不露翻译的痕迹。果戈理认为译作与原作之间应该像玻璃似的透明；奈达认为，“好的翻译听起来不像是译品”(The best translation does not sound like a translation)；钱钟书指出，译本对原作应该忠实得以至于读起来不像译本。这就是追求归化的效果。异化译法严格按照源语语言结构和表达方式以及文化信息，其优点是译文富有异国情调，使人产生新鲜感，能感受到异域文化的魅力，同时还可以丰富汉语语言，使汉语表达多样化。,但归化过度，抛开原文另起炉灶，容易形成再创作，就不是译作而是创作了。Wh
31、en Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war.“译作：张飞杀岳飞，杀得满天飞。正确译法应为： 两雄相遇，其斗必烈。When they met again, each had already been married to another.译作：他们重新见面时，一个已是“使君有妇”，一个已是“罗敷有夫”了。正确译法应为：他们重新见面时，一个已是有妇之夫，一个已是有夫之妇了。Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king.春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。（归化过度）,而异化过度，文字生硬晦涩，
32、也达不到传达原文思想信息的目的。It is as significant as a game of cricket.-这件事如同板球赛一样重要。 (应归化:“这件事如同吃饭一样重要”，或“这件事很重要”)望子成龙 - to expect ones son become a dragon (“龙”应归化为great personage) 因此，归化与异化二者应当结合，可能时尽量异化，必要时尽管归化。异化时不妨碍译文的通顺易懂，归化时不改变原作的风味，特别是不导致“文化失真”。,Make a comparison between the two different Chinese translat
33、ed versions of the given English sentence：,Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. (此为苔丝中的句子，有两个译本：张谷若（人民文学出版社）和孙法理（译文出版社）1996年)张译：她们里面，有的美目流盼，有的鼻准端正，有的樱唇巧笑，有的身材苗条：但是兼备众美的，固然不能说没有，却少得很。孙译：有的姑娘眼睛漂亮，有的姑娘鼻子漂亮，有的则嘴唇漂亮或身段漂亮，但是，全身上下无懈可击的
34、即使不能说没有，却也寥寥无几。评议：张的译文过于归化，将中国古人的审美标准用到他国。,“I bet you cant spell my name,” says I.“I bet you, what you dare I can,” says he.“All right,” says I, “go ahead.”“George Jaxonthen now,” says he. (Mark Twain: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, ch.17)A. “我敢说你准不知道我的名字是哪几个字，”我说。 “我敢说你这可难不住我，我知道，”他说。 “好吧，”我说，
35、“你说说看。” “荞麦的荞，自治的治，清洁的洁，克服的克，孙子的孙怎么样， ” 他说。B. “我敢说你不会拼我的名字，”我说。 “我敢说，你能行的事儿我也行。”他说。 “那好，”我说，“你就拼拼看。” “G-e-o-r-g-e J-a-x-o-n怎么样，”他说。,归化、异化与直译、意译的区别：异化与归化是直译与意译的概念延伸，在讨论是否保留文本中的文化因素时常用到. 讨论直译和意译的焦点一般在于具体的翻译技巧，如增词法还是减词法等。,Exercises:,1) Every life has its roses and thorns.2)The earth acts like a big mag
36、net.3) Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon.4) a high political consciousness高度的政治觉悟;5) fluent translation techniques纯熟的翻译技巧,Theories and Terms of Translation翻译的基本理论与术语,1. Translation and Interpretation 笔译与口译 (translator/interpreter) 2source language (SL) ， target langua
37、ge (TL) ，receptor 源语(又叫原语、译出语) ，译语 (译入语、目的语、目标语、接受语)，读者（接受者）3translatability/translatable and untranslatability/ untranslatable可译性与不可译性,4. hypotaxis and parataxis形合与意合形合是指句子内部和句子间的连接采用句法手段（syntactic devices）或词汇手段（lexical equivalence）。e.g. We study English. 我们学习英语。意合是指句子内部和句子间的连接采用语义手段（semantic conne
38、ction）。e.g. We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。5. under-translation and over-translation欠额翻译与超额(过载)翻译欠额翻译是指：译文的信息度小于原文的信息量。超额翻译是指：译文的信息度大于原文的信息量。,6. translationese 翻译腔 e.g. I was so hungry that I couldnt walk on.我是如此的饿以至于我走不动了.7. mistranslation 误译客观原因：译者不懂外文，如林纾。主观原因：译者理解表达不当，或以写代译。8. mechanical translation
39、 死译word-for-word translation 逐字对译/死译e.g. Business took me to town. 公务把我带到了城里. (我因公务进城去了.),9. Random Translation 胡译e.g. He is lying on his stomach. 他正躺在他的肚子上。（他正趴着。）10. domestication and foreignization 归化与异化 (洋化)/（汉化与西化）domesticating translation (naturalization) and foreignizing translation（alienatio
40、n）,Exercises:1. Rubber is not hard; it gives way to pressure.2. He had words with her.3. We shall not want for food.4. Ihadexperiencedoxygenandorenginetrouble.5. Their accent couldnt fool a native speaker.,Exercises:1. Rubber is not hard; it gives way to pressure.原译 橡胶不硬，它给压力让路。 改译 橡胶不硬，受压就会变形。2. He
41、 had words with her.误：他和她谈过话了。正：他和她吵架了。注释：have a word with sb.与某人谈话，而have words with sb.与某人吵架。3. We shall not want for food.误：我们不想什么食品。正：我们不会缺乏食品。注释：want vt.想要，想得到；want for缺乏。4. Ihadexperiencedoxygenandorenginetrouble.我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或二者都出故障。/不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或者它们都出故障，这些我都碰到过。 5. Their accent couldnt fool a native speaker. 本地人一听口音便知道他们是外乡人。/ 他们的口音骗不了本地人。,
