1、Chapter 1Computers and Digital Basics,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,2,Learning outcomes,What are the four phases of the digital revolution?What is Convergence? And its applicationIn what ways does digital technology affect society?How does Computer work? Operating system VS Application sof
2、twareDifferences: personal computers, servers, mainframes, supercomputersWhat is Microcontroller? Why no one sees it?Data VS information, analog VS digitalBits, bytes (MB, GB, TB, PB, EB),Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,3,Learning outcomes,10. How do digital devices use 1s and 0s to work wit
3、h numbers, text, images, and sound? 11. What hardware components manipulate the bits that represent data?12. Why do computers need programs?13. How do a microprocessors ALU and control unit work?14. How do hackers steal password?15. How can I create secure passwords?,Chapter Contents,Section A: All
4、Things DigitalSection B: Digital DevicesSection C: Digital Data RepresentationSection D: Digital ProcessingSection E: Password Security,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,4,FastPoll True/False QuestionsAnswer A for True and B for False,Cloud computing characterized the first phase of the digita
5、l revolution. F, P6A computers operating system is a type of application software. F, P16Microcontrollers are special purpose microprocessors that can be embedded in devices such as refrigerators, cars, and washing machines. T, P20A bit is a binary digit, such as a 1 or 0. T, P23ASCII and Unicode ar
6、e used to represent character data.A megabyte is 1024 bits. FS, P25,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,5,5,FastPoll True/False QuestionsAnswer A for True and B for False,7. Microprocessors are a type of integrated circuit. T, P278. C, COBOL, and Java are examples of programming languages. T, P2
7、99. A compiler converts source code to object code. T, P3010. The list of codes for a microprocessors instruction set is called machine language. T, P3011. A microprocessor holds data in the interpreter register. F, P3112. A dictionary attack is a virus that hides out in the spelling checker for you
8、r word processing software. F, P36,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,6,6,Section A: All Things Digital,The Digital Revolution: 4 stagesStage1: Data ProcessingStage2: Personal ComputingStage3: Network ComputingStage4: Cloud ComputingDigital Society,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,7,Ques
9、tion,012100 Computers and the digital revolution have changed our lives in many fundamental ways. If you were on the front lines of the digital revolution when computers were first developed to break codes and calculate missile trajectories, you were most likely living in what time period?A. World W
10、ar IB. The Roaring TwentiesC. World War IID. The 1960s,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,8,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,9,The Digital Revolution,What?Brought Social, political, and economic change Create information societyDigital technology, such as computers, the Internet , cloud
11、computingOngoing: keep updating and require corresponding adjustmentsDriving ForceThe technology driving the digital revolution is based on digital electronics and the idea that electrical signals can represent data, such as numbers, words, pictures, and music,The Digital Revolution,The digital revo
12、lution has evolved through four phases, beginning with big, expensive, standalone computers, and progressing to todays digital world in which small, inexpensive digital devices are everywhere,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,10,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,11,The Digital Revolution
13、,Digitization Digitization is the process of converting text, numbers, sound, photos, and video into data that can be processed by digital devices.,The Digital Revolution,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,12,Phase1: Data Processing,Some historians mark the 1980s as the beginning of the digital
14、 revolution, but engineers built the first digital computers during World War II for breaking codes and calculating missile trajectoriesData processing is based on an input-processing-output cycleData goes into a computer, it is processed, and then it is output,Chapter 2: Computer Hardware,13,Phase2
15、: Personal Computing,The model for the second phase of the digital revolution, personal computing is characterized by small, standalone computers powered by local softwareLocal software refers to any software that is installed on a computers hard drive,Chapter 2: Computer Hardware,14,Phase2: Persona
16、l Computing,Chapter 2: Computer Hardware,15,The Third phase of the digital revolution materialized when the Internet was opened to public useE-mailElectronic communicationBulletin boards Internet forum prototypeChat groupsBlogs (Weibo, Real time)Online social networks Wechat,Chapter 1: Computers and
17、 Digital Basics,16,Phase3: Network Computing,Phase3: Network Computing,The Third phase of the digital revolution materialized as computers became networked and when the Internet was opened to public use19952010, computing was characterized by the Web, e-mail, multiplayer games, music downloads, and
18、enormous software applications, such as Microsoft Office, Nortons Internet Security Suite, and Corel Digital Studio,Chapter 2: Computer Hardware,17,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,18,Phase3: Network Computing,NetworkA computer network is a group of computers linked by wired or wireless techn
19、ology to share data and resourcesInternetThe Internet is a global computer network originally developed as a military project . TCP/IP ProtocolWebThe Web (short for World Wide Web) is a collection of linked documents, graphics, and sounds that can be accessed over the InternetWithout web, the intern
20、et would be like a library without any books or a rail road without any trains.,Phase4: Cloud Computing,Local applications are being eclipsed by cloud computing, which characterizes the fourth phase of the digital revolutionCloud computing provides access to information, applications, communications
21、, and storage over the InternetThe expansion of cloud computing is due in part to convergence, a process by which several technologies with distinct functionalities evolve to form a single product,Chapter 2: Computer Hardware,19,Phase4: Cloud Computing,Chapter 2: Computer Hardware,20,Cloud Computing
22、,Chapter 2: Computer Hardware,21,Social media are cloud-based applications designed for social interaction and consumer-generated content,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,22,Convergence,GPS,Mobile Phone,MP3,NetBook,E-Dictionary,E-Wallet,Video Player,Game Player,Camera,iPhone,Fingerprint,Sever
23、al technologies with distinct functionalities forms into one single product,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,23,Convergence,What?Technological convergence is a process by which several technologies with distinct functionalities evolve to form a single productExamples: iPod, iPhoneHow?Strength
24、: enhanced functionality and convenienceWeakness: Quality, multipurpose device rarely offer the same quality as the standalone devices they replace,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,24,Digital Society,How does Digital technology affect society?Freedom of speechConvenience: make it easy to cros
25、s cultural & geographic boundariesAnonymous Internet sites, such as Freenet, and anonymizer tools that cloak/hide a persons identityAttitudes towards Privacy: Change or not? NoIntellectual propertyEconomyGlobalizationDigital dividePS: Not limited to circuits and electronics, such as computers, ipadB
26、etter consumer: Privacy, security, intellectual property and etc.,Attitudes towards Privacy: Change or not ? Privacy: pictures, newsConfidentiality: Internet marketers use e-mail for ads; hacker steal QQ to ask your QQ friends for money Surveillance: GPS, easy to track peopleDigital technology use h
27、as put a lot of stress to weaken privacy by making it possible to easily collect and distribute data about individuals without their approval, e.g. : hacker, marketers, GPSDigital technology has not so much changed the way people view privacy-They still have a reasonable expectation of privacyBut te
28、chnology enable us to develop a better appreciation for privacy,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,25,25,Digital Society,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,26,Digital Society,Intellectual propertyIntellectual property refers to the ownership of certa
29、in types of information, ideas, or representationsDownload of movies, music, photosMake it easy to produce copies: e.g. pirating (illegal copying and distribution of copyrighted material in simple and cheap way), Windows XP SystemFighting: passing strict anti-piracy laws, encryptionEconomyGlobalizat
30、ion: It can be defined as the worldwide economic interdependence of countries that occurs as cross-border commerce increases and as money flows more freely among countriesDigital Divide: Individuals are affected by the digital divide, a term that refers to the gap between people who have access to t
31、echnology and those who do not,Section B: Digital Devices,Computer BasicsComputer Types and UsesMicrocontrollers,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,27,Question,012200 Today, consumers can choose from a wide variety of digital devices, including personal computers, workstations, videogame consol
32、es, smartphones, and iPods. Knowing the strengths of these devices helps you make the right choice. What is the fundamental difference between videogame consoles, personal computers, and smartphones? BA. Video game consoles and smartphones are not classified as computers because they dont have store
33、d program capabilities like real computers.B. Videogame consoles and smartphones fill specialized niches and are not replacements for personal computers.C. Personal computers and smartphones can be used to access the Internet, whereas videogame consoles cannot.D. Personal computers and smartphones h
34、ave better graphics than videogame consoles.,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,28,28,Computer Basics,A computer is a multipurpose device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basic
35、s,29,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,30,Computer Basics,InputComputer input is whatever is typed, submitted, or transmitted to a computer systemInput devices: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital cameraOutputOutput is the result produced by a computerOutput devices: screens, printers,Chapter 1:
36、 Computers and Digital Basics,31,Computer Basics,DataData refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideasProcessingComputers manipulate data in many ways, and this manipulation is called processingCentral Processing Unit (CPU)Microprocessor (the brain of a digital device),中央处理器（Centra
37、l Processing Unit）的缩写，即CPU，CPU是电脑中的核心配件，只有火柴盒那么大，几十张纸那么厚，但它却是一台计算机的运算核心和控制核心。电脑中所有操作都由CPU负责读取指令，对指令译码并执行指令的核心部件。,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,32,Computer Basics,Memory Memory is an area of a computer that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed, stored, or outputStorageStorage is t
38、he area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processingFileA file is a named collection of data that exists on a storage mediumData is typically stored in files,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,33,Computer Basics,Computer ProgramThe series of instr
39、uctions that tells a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer programSoftware: formed by a variety of programs to do a specific taskA stored program A stored program means that a series of instructions for a computing task can be loaded into a computers memoryAllows yo
40、u to switch between tasksDistinguishes a computer from other simpler and less versatile devices such as watches, e-dictionary and etc.,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,34,Computer Basics,Software What? Programs, do a specific taskTwo main types as follows: Type1: Application software Applicat
41、ion software is a set of computer programs that helps a person carry out a taskType2: System software The primary purpose of system software is to help the computer system monitor itself in order to function efficientlyExample: Operating system (OS),Computer Types and Uses,A personal computer is a m
42、icroprocessor-based computing device designed to meet the computing needs of an individual,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,35,Computer Types and Uses,The term workstation has two meanings:An ordinary personal computer that is connected to a networkA powerful desktop computer used for high-pe
43、rformance tasks,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,36,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,37,Personal Computers, Servers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers,A videogame consoleFor instances: Nintendos Wii, Sonys PlayStation, or Microsofts XboxNot generally referred to as personal computers beca
44、use of its history as dedicated game devices,Xbox,PlayStation,Wii,videogame console,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,38,Personal Computers, Servers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers,Computer Types and Uses,The purpose of a server is to serve computers on a network (such as the Internet or a hom
45、e network) by supplying them with dataA mainframe computer (or simply a mainframe) is a large and expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of usersA computer falls into the supercomputer category if it is, at the time of construction, one of the fastest
46、computers in the worldA compute-intensive problem is one that requires massive amounts of data to be processed using complex mathematical calculations,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,39,Computer Types and Uses,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,40,Computer Types and Uses,Handheld digita
47、l devices include familiar gadgets such as iPhones, iPads, iPods, Garmin GPSs, Droids, and Kindles Handheld devices can be divided into two broad categories: those that allow users to install software applications (apps) and those that do not Handheld computer,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics
48、,41,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,42,Microcontrollers,What?A microcontroller is a special-purpose microprocessor that is built into the machine it controlsA microcontroller is usually mounted on a circuit board and then installed in a machine or appliance using wires to carry input and out
49、put signals.It is dedicated applications instead of multipurpose devices.Why significant?Microcontrollers can be embedded in all sorts of everyday devices, which enabling machines to perform sophisticated tasks that require awareness and feedback from the environment,Section C: Digital Data Representation,Data Representation BasicsRepresenting Numbers, Text, Images, and SoundQuantifying Bits and BytesCircuits and Chips,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics,
