1、Applied Linguistics,Linguistics and Philosophy,一、Linguistics is a slave of philosophy1. ontology(本体论)is paid much attention to (注重)in ancient philosophy What exists in the world or what does the world consist of ?2. Epistemology(认识论) is attached importance(注重)in modern philosophy(近代). What we can re
2、cognize? How do we recognize the objective world? At that time, philosophy has a close connection with language.,3. Last century philosophy experienced “a Linguistic Turn”(语言转向). How to use language to explain the problems of philosophy. If we solve the problems of linguistic, all the problem of phi
3、losophy will be absolutely solved. The problems of philosophy are the problems of linguistics. 胡塞尔、海德格尔、伽达默尔、达里德等的哲学理论就叫做解释学，从名称可以看出与语言学的关系。,Linguistics and Applied Linguistics,Applied LinguisticsIntroduction一、Theoretical (general) linguistics is evolved from the practice of applied linguistics.Spok
4、en language first, then the written language appeared.As soon the man was born, he had to teach his children.Teaching skills was something about applied linguistics, from some sense, applied linguistics was born earlier than general linguistics.,二、Applied linguistics was based on general linguistics
5、, traditional grammar grammar-translation method stressing grammar, ignoring spoken language structuralist linguistics the direct method opposing only teaching written language pay more attention to spoken languagedescriptive linguistics the audio-lingual method stressing listening and speaking firs
6、t how to do it=pattern drills,transformational-generative grammar cognitive method stressing meaningful learning and student-centered. stressing using motherhouse to teach foreign language because there is a universal grammar.functional grammar functional method/communicative method stressing spoken
7、 language and communication ignoring mistakes in communication.cognitive linguistics ?,Applied LinguisticsPeriod one,A. Introduction一、What is linguistics? Linguistics is the scientific study of human language in all its aspects, providing a methodology for exploring the structure of particular langu
8、age and investigating what is universal to all human languages: how language are different, how language varies overtime and between different societies, how language is learnt, and how language is used for human communication.,二、The subfield of linguistics,Davies (1999) summarizes that linguistics
9、has about 20 different areas: they are theoretical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, historical linguistics, comparative linguistics, cognitive linguistics, computational linguistics, structural linguistics, text linguistics, systemic linguistics, synchronic linguistics, diachronic linguistics,
10、the different named semiotics, phonology (音韵学)and phonetics, the linguistics of particular languages and language families, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, Saussurean linguistics, Chomskyan linguistics, and parallel (contrastive) philology. Humboldt Saussure Bloomfi
11、eld Chomsky Halliday Lackoff, Langacker Language is not static. It is dynamic.,三、What is applied linguistics?,In a broad sense, it is the discipline of applying theory to practical fields, such as speech therapy, literacy criticism, computer technology, lexicography In a narrow sense, it refers to l
12、anguage teaching, especially to second language teaching or foreign language teaching.,四、The relationship between applied linguistics and linguistics,similarity: linguistics and applied linguistics are inter-disciplinary linguistics and applied linguistics is inherently a multi-disciplinary study, d
13、rawing on methodologies and theories from many fields.difference: linguistics differs from applied linguistics, for linguistics focuses on language (phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics), while applied linguistics focuses on language practice and is of particular interest to these studying secon
14、d and foreign languages.(Phonetics the sounds of language; morphology word structure and formation; syntax sentence structure and formation; semantics the analysis of meaning in language.),How a language is learned.,According to:Bible gift by godStructure system of symbolsFunction communication tool
15、Sociolinguistics social phenomenonCross-cultural communication cultureQian Guanlian: homesteadMe everything of human,五、What is language?,Someone says: Language is human. Language is symbolic. Language is a structured system. Language is arbitrary. Language is culturally transmitted. Language is cult
16、ural bound. Language can be in the form of none-verbal communication. Oral language is considered primary. Written language is considered secondary.,Every language in the world is sufficiently complex and complete to enable the speakers to express themselves enough. Everyone speaks a particular dial
17、ect of langue. All language change over time. All language are different but no language is inherently different. Language is creative. Language is characterized by different levels of usage depending upon the relationship of the speaker and listeners. Language is functional.,Preparation for Applied
18、 Linguistics,B Review一、Review of Applied LinguisticsLinguistics was a salve philosophy-(Applied linguistics is based on theoretical linguistics) Linguistics was a slave of philosophy for a long time; linguistics belonged to philosophy; it was a part of philosophy; the theory of linguistics was not p
19、lentiful. People had to pick up the linguistic theory out of many synthetic theory. The theory of linguistics was not rich, let along the theory of applied linguists, because linguistic theory appeared first, then the theory of applied linguistics, no linguistic, no linguistics, no applied.,Humboldt
20、 (1967-1835) the father of linguistics: organisation of language(有机体): inner sprach formSaussure (1857-1913) the father of modern linguistics, his weltanschauung(语言世界观): binary feature; language vs. parole; syntagmatic relation vs. paradigmatic relation; synchronic vs. diachronic; signifier vs. sign
21、ifier., Terminology of applied linguistics appeared.J. N.博杜恩.德.库尔德内first used the terminology of applied linguistics at the end of 19th century, it was popular in 1930s or 1940s. At that time more and more American soldiers went abroad for fight, so they had to know some local languages. In order to
22、 cultivate their abilities of using local languages, the US. government set up a special training course of army., Bloomfield was invited to compile a handbook An Outline Guide for Practice Study of Foreign Language (1942) (外国语实际学习异引), Block and Trager wrote Outline of Linguistics (1942)(语言分析大纲). Th
23、e course lasted nine months, many linguistics, such as Bloomfield, Fries, Bloch, Haugen, Hockett and son on, took part in the tainting course and trained more than 15,000 persons. After World War , Fries and his colleagues established Language Learning(语言学习），which had a subtitle Quarterly Journal of
24、 Applied Linguistics(应用语言学季刊). They used the terminology of “applied linguistics ” publicly., Then school of applied linguistics was founded in Edinburg University in 1958. The centre of applied linguistics was born in USA. in 1959. They were the very important symbol of the development of applied l
25、inguistics. It was in 1964 that the academic position of applied linguistics was held in Nancy, France and Association International de Linguislique Applique was set up. At the same year, Halliday, McIntosh and Strevens published The Linguistic Science and Language Teaching (1964)（语言教学与语言研究）in Brita
26、in, Wilga Rilver published The Psychologist and Foreign Language Teacher in America. Since then, applied linguistics is booming. We can know its rapid development from the following points.,A short summary of the above process. appearing at the end of 19th century. being popular in 1930s or 1940s. g
27、overnment setting up a special training course of army. Bloofield, Bloch, Trager, Friestaking part in it. An Outline Guide for the Practical Study of Foreign Language by Bloomfield (1942) . Outline of Linguistic Analysis by Bloch and Trager (1942). the course lasting 9 months. training 15,000 person
28、s.,A Summary of the process after World War : Fries establishing Language Learning subtitle: Quarterly Journal of Applied Linguistics school of applied linguistics founded in Edinburg University in 1958. the center of applied linguistics born in US. in 1959, a very important symbol of development of
29、 applied linguistics holding the first international conference of applied linguistics in Nancy, France in 1964, founding the academic position.Why:a. setting up “Association International de Linguislique Applied”b: publishing Linguistic Science and Language Teaching about AILAa: holding internation
30、al conference every 3 yearsb: holding 13 international conference now, its scale is becoming bigger and bigger.,1). AILA (Association International de Linguislique Applique ) holds an international conference every 3 years, its scale is becoming bigger and bigger. Now it had hold 13 international co
31、nferences, the branches of AILA has been founded in the majority of the countries in the world. Association of Chinese Foreign Language Teaching was set up in 1981. Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute allied with Shanghai Foreign Language Institute to hold “the Conference of Applied Linguistics and
32、 English Teaching” in 1980. The “Conference of Chinese Teaching in Chinese Community” was held in Chinese University in Hong Kong in 1984. In 1985 the First International Symposium of Chinese English Teaching was held in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute.,2). Applied Linguistics departments appea
33、red in the universities in Western countries and a lot of applied linguistic postgraduates and doctors. Many applied linguistics specialities in Britain, American and Australia. The speciality of applied linguistics was written in the first list of specialties in China in 1981. There were only three
34、 units who had the right to give doctor degree of applied linguistics and six units who had the right to give applied linguistic master degree in 2000.,3). Many magazines of applied linguistics and foreign language teaching were issued, such as ELF, Language Learning, IRAL (International Review of A
35、pplied Linguistics in Language Teaching), Applied Linguistics, International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, Applied Psycholinguistics, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Second Language Research, Bilingualism, Language
36、and Cognition and son on. Many essays about foreign language teaching were published in magazines issued by foreign language departments in China.,4). Many books of applied linguistics were published by CUP., OUP., Longman. Pergamon, Multilingual Matters. Applied linguistic collections were publishe
37、d by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Peking University Press and Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Recently 19 kinds Oxford Universities applied linguistics series have been imported by Shanghai Foreign language Education Press. A series of books about contemporary foreign lin
38、guistics and applied linguistics have been imported by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, which consists of 50 kinds. The proofs mentioned above show that applied linguistics will develop rapidly in 21 century.,In China1. setting up Association of Chinese Foreign Language Teaching in Guan
39、gzhou Foreign langue Institute in 1981.2. First International Symposium of Chinese English Teaching held in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institutes in 1985.3. The speciality of applied linguistics was written first in the list specialities in China in 1981.4. Only 3 units have the right to give doctor
40、 degree and 6 units have the right to give master degree in 2000.5. Now many limits. Ours is that speciality rank 27.6. Many books of applied linguistics were introduced to China.,二、Soil for the development of applied linguistics,Why is applied linguistics so prosperous?1. English teaching internati
41、onal political situation globalization: the people all over the world communicate with each other more frequently 80% of information on line is English.,2. Learning foreign languages can help sb succeed. Nasbitt in his book Great Trend said “If American people want to succeed in the future, they mas
42、ter English, Spanish and computer language”. English teaching is a big market. In order to meet the need of the market, we must use new teaching methods. The new teaching methods are studied in applied linguistics, so applied linguistics has endless life.,三、 Complication of applied linguistics,There
43、 is an intractable/ puzzled problem: generally speaking, all the children can master their mother tongue, but not all the children can master none-mother tongue. Someone learns English successfully, someone learns English unsuccessfully. Why does such thing happen? Because foreign language teaching
44、is a systematic project. There are many factors which influence the project. Many problems in the systematic project need be studied in applied linguistics. Please look at the following table, which supplies the factors of affecting foreign language teaching. Some problems are showed in the table.,p
45、olicy, principle, need, aim,teaching leadersapplied linguiststeachers,examination an assessment,Students (age, sex, wisdom,language level, interest, motion, tactics(策略), disposition (性情),teaching operational process(教学操作过程), teaching channel(教学道路)，teaching plan, teaching outline, teaching material,
46、teaching method, multimedia, teaching aid(多媒体教具),1. Foreign language teaching is a process which consists of many factors. These factors influence each other and supplement each other. Teaching organization must be overall. we must organize all the factors efficiently in order to realize the final t
47、arget.2. All the factors of foreign language teaching are connected with each other. But we must separate them and use observation method and experiment method to study them one by one.,3. Teaching aim is different. Different factors play different roles in the process of teaching. We must take meas
48、ures suited to local conditions (因地制宜) and take measures suited to local time and make different teaching plans. There is no unchangeable teaching model which is suitable for all the foreign language teaching.4. Foreign language teacher should know the factors in the teaching process very well so th
49、at they can strengthen their initiative (主动性) and overcome their blindness.,四、 Multidisciplines of applied linguistics,1. We must use disciplines related to language. In applied linguistics we first use the knowledge of phonetics, grammar, lexicology, semantics and so on.2. We have to use the frontier sciences related to language. We must also make use of the knowledge of psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, computational linguistics, neuralinguistics and so on.,
