1、Lesson 1 Global Warming,高二北师大版模块八,Unit 22 Environmental Protection,Objectives To practise using reporting verbs, e.g. warn, tell, ask, promise. To practise using vocabulary related to global warming. To learn about the causes of global warming and raise our awareness of protecting our globe. To talk
2、 about how to help reduce greenhouse gases.,Brief News:Copenhagen, September 12, 2009,World leaders including U.S. President Barack Obama, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, address the general assembly(委员大会) of the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 in Copenhagen December 16-18, 2009. World lea
3、ders worked through the early hours to try and beat a Friday deadline for a deal on cutting emissions and helping poor countries cope with (对付) the costly impact of global warming.,Most environmentalists agree that global warming is an unnatural phenomenon caused by the emissions from burning carbon
4、 fuels such as coal, oil and petrol; they call this the “greenhouse effect”.,The Greenhouse Effect,Raising the Earths temperature will cause substantial melting of the polar ice caps which will then lead to a rise in the sea level and subsequent flooding of low-lying areas.,Global warming will also
5、change countries climates and cause huge food and water shortages.,There have been several summits of governments to discuss this problem but many countries dont want to make changes to their factories and industrial works as this would cost them money.,Which countries do you think contribute more t
6、o global warming?,a) developed countriesb) developing countries,Developed countries more industry and technology.,Can we take the heat?,1. Scan the text below for these words and work out their meanings.,consensusbounceagriculturecoincidence,a remarkable concurrence of events by chancemove quickly u
7、p, back, or away from a surface after hittinga general agreementthe science or practice of farming,condemnreservationsacrificeadvocate,the action of reserving something to recommend or support publiclyto give up (something important or valued) because of other considerations sentence to a particular
8、 punishment, especially death,1) The main purpose of the first paragraph is _.A. to introduce the topic of global warming to the readers B. to remind the readers of human activities in the pastC. to introduce the greatest trouble in the futureD. to mention the process of global warming in history,3.
9、 Choose the best answer to each question according to the text.,Answer: A,2) Which of the following is TRUE about greenhouse gases?A. Greenhouse gases will only do us harm.B. Greenhouse gases do more harm than good to humans.C. Greenhouse gases do more good than harm to humans.D. Proper greenhouse g
10、ases are quite necessary to the earth.,Answer: D,3) Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the result of global warming?A. Typhoons. B. Serious diseases. C. Polar ice melting. D. Heat waves.,Answer: A,3. Read the text quickly and answer the questions.,1) What is global warming?2) What human acti
11、vities are causing global warming?,Global warming is an average increase in the Earths temperature that leads to climate change.,Industry, agriculture, the cutting down of forests, the increase in transport and the burning of fuels are causing global warming.,3) By how much has the global average te
12、mperature increased in the last 10 years?4)Are greenhouse gases necessary for life on Earth?,By 1F ( one degree Fahrenheit).,Yes, they are, because they trap heat from the sun in the Earths atmosphere. Otherwise the Earth would be cold and unsuitable for life.,5) How can we help solve the problem of
13、 global warming?,We can make small changes like taking public transport, recycling, using low-flow shower heads, and buying energy-efficient light bulbs to help stop global warming.,1. In the last few decades, scientists have reached consensus and reported that human beings are causing changes in th
14、e Earths climate something previously seen as beyond our control.,译文：最近几十年来，科学家已经达成一致意见，认为人类活动引起了地球的气候变化，而地球的气候变化在以前看来是我们人类所不能控制的。,结构分析： 本句中的并列连词and连接两个并列的谓语。第二个谓语动词reported后接一个宾语从句that human beings are causing changes in the Earths climate。而破折号后面的内容则是前面changes的一个同位语，对changes作补充说明。,2. Looking ahead,
15、 scientists believe that global warming could be one of the biggest environmental problems facing the 21st century.,译文： 展望未来，科学家们认为，气候变暖可能是二十一世纪人类面临的最严重的环境问题之一。,结构分析： looking ahead是一个现在分词短语在句中作状语，表示句子的主语scientists发出的动作。动词believe的后面则是一个宾语从句。宾语从句中的现在分词短语facing the 21st century在句中作定语，修饰前面的名词environment
16、al problems。,3. Without these naturally occurring gases, the suns rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on.,译文： 如果没有这些自然产生的气体，太阳的光线将会被反射回太空中去，地球将处于寒冷之中，而不适合生命的存在。,结构分析： 这是一个含有现在分词的简单句，without these naturally occurring gases是介词短语作状语；the suns rays would bounce
17、 back into space是句子的主体；leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on是现在分词短语作结果状语。,4. Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.,译文： 根据这一数据推断，人类活动与全球变暖之间的关系好像不仅仅是一个巧合。,结构分析： 这是一个主从复合句，given this data是过去分词作条件状语，相当于whe
18、n we are given this data; it seems是主句，it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that the link is not merely a coincidence; between human activities and rising global temperatures 是介词短语作定语。,Fill in the blanks with the information from the text.,Paragraph 1: Introduce the topic,_ could be one of the biggest environmental proble
19、ms in the 21st century.,Global warming,Paragraph 2: What is global warming and how it works.,Global warming means an average increase in the Earths temperature which causes _ in turn.,climate change,Paragraph 3: Reasons,Scientists think it is _ that cause global warming. Due to the _, agriculture, t
20、he cutting down of forests, the increase in transport, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen by over 30% in the last 250 years.,human activities,increased industry,Paragraph 4: The consequence of global warming,Global warming will cause terrible climate changes like more _ , heat
21、waves and droughts. There are some serious diseases. Sea level will be raised; coastal areas will be flooded.,frequent flood,Paragraph 5: What can we do to reduce global warming?,Government: reduce _.Individuals: play their own parts and make small changes like _ , using recycled paper and so on.,th
22、e amounts of carbon dioxide,taking public transport,Use the expressions in the box in the correct form to complete the sentences.,beyond our control, pump into, as a result of, in large quantities, refer to, speed up,1) Water was _ the fish pond from the river.2) We all need to _ to finish in time!,
23、pumped into,speed up,3) There is nothing more we can do .the situation is now _.4) _ the accident, she is now afraid of water.5) The scientist _ global warming at least three times in his speech.6) The factory was producing greenhouse gases _ .,beyond our control,As a result of,referred to,in huge q
24、uantities,Reporting1. What verbs are used in the text to report these statements?Example 1) = to report that,1) Human beings are causing changes in the Earths climate.2) Gases pumped into the Earths atmosphere have been speeding up the process of global warming.,to report that,to claim that,3) Globa
25、l warming could be one of the biggest environmental problems facing the 21st century.4) Global warming is mostly due to human activities.5) Global warming will cause dramatic climate changes including more frequent floods, heat waves, and droughts.,to believe that,to insist that,to warn that,2. Look
26、 at these sentences from the text and explain why the underlined verbsare not the same tense as the reporting verbs.,1) Recent reports from the IPCC warned that global warming will cause dramatic climate changes.2) Scientists found that the temperature of the Earth is controlled by greenhouse gases.
27、,because it is in the future,because it is a general truth,转述结构 在转述他人的话、观点或看法时，常常使用转述结构，转述结构也叫间接引语。在转述别人的话时，需要注意以下几方面：一、句子结构的变化1) 如果转述的话是陈述句，转述结构一般由转述动词+ (sb +) that从句构成。如：He said, “Ill give you an examination next Monday.” ,He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.,此外类似的转述动词还
28、有：repeat, admit, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如： He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.The judge declared that they were innocent and should be set free right away.,2) 如果转述的话为一般疑问句，转述时要用连词whether或if引导。这样的转述动词主要有ask, wonder, inquire等。如：He said
29、, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?” ,He asked (me) whether/ if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.,3) 转述的话为祈使句时，转述时要用带to的不定式表达，这样的转述动词有：ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如： “Never come here again!” said the officer nearby. ,The officer nearby ordered them never to go th
30、ere again.,4)当转述的话形式上是疑问句，有表示“请求，建议”意义时，可用ask sb to do sth /suggest doing/advise sb to do sth 等形式转述。如： “Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. “Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. ,He asked me to open the door.,He advised us to go out for a walk.,He suggested going out for a walk.,二、时态的
31、变化1) 如果转述内容是以宾语从句的形式出现，则应注意正确使用宾语从句中的时态，注意保持从句和主语谓语动词在时态方面的一致性。主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即转述部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），如：He told me that he would take two days off work.The boy admitted that he had made a mistake.,2) 直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况:(1) 当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如： He always says, “I a
32、m tired out.” (2)当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如： He said, “I went to college in 1994.” ,He always says that he is tired out.,He told us that he went to college in 1994.,(3) 当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如： Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” (4)当引语是谚语、格言时，如： He said, “Practice makes perfect.” ,Our
33、teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.,He said that practice makes perfect.,(5) 当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better等时，如： The doctor said, “Youd better drink plenty of water.” ,The doctor said Id better drink plenty of water.,另外注意： 转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬。如果转述的时间没有发生多大的改变或所转述的内容是
34、一个事实时，宾语从句中的谓语动词所用的时态不必改变。例如：(1) He says that he is leaving tomorrow. (2) Our teacher told us that the sports meet will take place next Monday.,3. Match the sentences with appropriate reporting verbs from the list. Then write the reported sentences.,admit, report ,forbid , ask, invite, order, sugges
35、t, threaten,1) Well close credit lines if you dont reduce the amount of carbon dioxide you produce.,They threatened to close our credit lines if we dont reduce the amount of carbon dioxide we produce.,2) OK, you are right, some poisonous chemicals did escape into the atmosphere.3) Why dont you drop
36、in tonight ahead your meeting?,They admitted that some poisonous chemicals had escaped into the atmosphere.,He /She/They invited me to drop in tonight ahead of my meeting.,4) Stand up immediately!5) You cant use your dictionaries during the test.6) Shall we have pancakes with honey?,He /She/They ord
37、ered me to stand up immediately.,He /She/They forbade us to use our dictionaries during the test.,He /She/They suggested having / that we should have pancakes with honey.,7) Is the bus service running according to the timetable today?8) The fire ahs luckily caused no loss of life.,I/He /She/They/We
38、inquired if the bus service was running according to the timetable today.,They reported that the fire had luckily caused no loss of life.,1. .the Earth is warmed by gases trapped in the atmosphere. 用法点拨trap在句中为及物动词，表示“使困住；使留住（= to keep sb or sth in a place）”，如：The lift broke down and we were trapped
39、 inside it. 电梯出故障了，我们困在里面出不来。,拓展1) trap作动词解时，也可表示“设陷阱；捕捉；诱捕”。The policemen trapped the thieves before they left the bank.警察在小偷离开银行前设计逮住了他们。The hunter was punished for trapping endangered wild animals.猎人因诱捕濒危野生动物而受到惩罚。,2) trap也常用作名词，意思是“陷阱；圈套；诡计；埋伏”。如：I wont answer the question, for I know perfectly
40、well its a trap.我不会回答这个问题的，因为我清楚地知道这是圈套。Many women have fallen into the trap of loveless marriages.许多女性陷入没有爱情的婚姻之中而无法摆脱。,即时演练选词填空：Soon after the earthquake, the army was called in to help rescue people _ in the fallen buildings. A. trapped B. seized C. controlled D. wrapped,2. .something previously
41、seen as beyond our control. 用法点拨 beyond 在句中用作介词，表示“超出（能力、范围等），为所不能及（= not within the range of sb or sth）”。又如：The beauty of the scenery is beyond all description.这风景美得无法形容。,Im sorry its beyond my power to make a final decision on the project. 对不起，这个工程我无权做最终决定。拓展 1) beyond接表示空间的名词，意思是“在那一边；在之外”。如： He
42、is from a village beyond the mountain.他来自山那边的一个村庄。The airport is around 30 miles beyond the city.机场离城市大约30英里。,2) beyond接表示时间的名词，意为“迟于；晚于”。如：Dont stay there beyond midnight. 不要过了午夜还待在那儿。My father came home 30 minutes beyond the usual time that evening.我爸爸那天晚上回家比平时迟了30分钟。,3) beyond常用于疑问句和否定句中，表示“除了之外”
43、。如：Ive nothing else to tell you beyond what you have already known.除了你已经知道的以外，我再也没有什么要告诉你的了。I didnt notice anything else at the party beyond his funny clothes.晚会上，我没注意别的，只看到他穿着滑稽可笑的衣服。,即时演练选词填空：1) Sorry, Madam. Youd better come tomorrow because its _ the visiting hours. A. during B. at C. beyond D.
44、before2) Its quite _ me why such things have been allowed to happen. A. for B. behind C. against D. beyond,3) Elizabeth has already achieved success her wildest dreams. A. at B. beyond C. within D. upon4. Why do you suggest we buy a new machine? Because the old one has been damaged _. A. beyond reac
45、hB. beyond repair C. beyond control D. beyond description,3. Looking ahead, scientists believe that global warming could be one of the biggest environmental problems .用法点拨 look ahead意思为“展望未来（= to think about and plan for what might happen in the future）”，如：Looking ahead, we expect changes to be made
46、 in the system of education.展望未来，我们期待对教育体制进行改革。,拓展与look连用的常用短语：look after 照料；照顾look back 回头看；回顾look down on / upon 蔑视；看不起look forward to盼望；期待；预期；预料look into 观察；调查look out 留神；注意look through（从头至尾）浏览；详尽核查；温习look up 向上看；查阅,即时演练选词填空：1) The building around the corner caught fire last night. The police are
47、 now _ the matter. A. seeing through B. working out C. looking into D. watching over,2) “Goodbye, then,” she said, without even _ from her book. A. looking down B. looking up C. looking away D. looking on 3) I have _ all my papers but I still cant find my notes. A. looked through B. looked for C. lo
48、oked after D. looked out,4. Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earths temperature.用法点拨 refer to此处表示“指的是（= to mention or speak of sb or sth）”，如：Who did you refer to when you said someone was selfish?你说有人自私，指的是谁呀？Though she didnt mention any names, everyone knew who she was referring to.虽然她没提任何人的名字，但大家都知道她指的是谁。,
