1、Module 8Unit 2The universal language,重点单词,1dare vi.敢，敢于，胆敢 【用法拓展】 (1)dare 用作情态动词时，多用于疑问句、否定句、条件 句中。 (2)dare用作实义动词时，有人称和数的变化，肯定句中要 跟带to的不定式，而在否定句或疑问句中不定式符号to 可 带可不带。 (3)I dare say 我敢说/我相信/可能 (4)How dare you！你竟敢！你怎么敢！,You will be punished if you dare break the rules.如果你敢违反规定，就会受到处罚的。Do you dare(to)go
2、there alone？你敢一个人去那里吗？I didnt dare go into the house.我不敢进那座房子。美国传统How dare you do that！你竟敢那样做！美国传统,即学即用,翻译句子我想他敢去跟校长讲事实的真相。 _ _ 答案：I think he dares to tell the headmaster the truth.,单项选择The little boy _ out in the dark at night. Adares not to go Bdare not go Cdares not go Ddoes not dare going 解析：dar
3、e 用作情态动词，直接在动词原形前加否定词 not。用作实义动词时，其后接不定式作宾语，即The little boy does not dare to go out in the dark at night. 答案：B,2. cast(cast，cast，casting)vt.&vi.投、掷、抛；挑选扮演 某角色；投下影子(或阴影) 【用法拓展】 cast light on/onto 解释；给提供线索 cast a new light on 使某人对某事有新的认识 cast a shadow (在某物上)投下影子(或阴影) cast doubt on 使怀疑 cast aside 摆脱；抛弃
4、 cast oneself on/upon委身于；依赖 cast back 回想；追溯 cast down(常用被动语态)使沮丧；使下降；推翻；毁灭 cast a vote投票 cast n(电影阵容)全体演员 cast与throw的区别： cast与throw 都可以表示“投、掷”，前者是正式用语，指用 力而迅速地抛掷较轻的东西；后者是普通用语，指用力将 物体朝一定方向掷出。,Can you cast any light on the meaning of these figures？你能解释这些数字的含义吗？The trees cast shadows across the lawn.树木
5、在草坪上投下一片阴影。I didnt mean to cast doubt on Marys description of the story.我无意怀疑玛丽对这个事情的描述。Tourists cast coins into the fountain.游客将硬币抛进喷泉。美国传统,英汉互译渔夫将网撒入湖中。 _ 答案：The fisherman cast his net into the lake.The evening sun cast long shadows across the garden. _ 答案：落日使花园呈现一片暮色。,即学即用,3decline vt.&vi.&n.拒绝，谢
6、绝(同refuse)；下降，衰弱，衰 落，下跌 【用法拓展】 decline，refuse，reject都可以表示“拒绝”，区别在于： decline 指正式而有礼貌地婉言拒绝、谢绝或辞谢，但与不 定式连用时可与refuse互换；refuse语气较强，指坚决的有 时是粗鲁的拒绝；reject语气最强，往往指断然拒绝。 on the decline 在下降 She declined to answer my question.她拒绝回答我的问题。 Her health declined until she saw the doctor. 她就医之前健康状况一直在恶化。美国传统 What was
7、the cause of the decline of the Roman Empire？ 罗马帝国衰落的原因是什么？,即学即用,单项选择Cotton production has been _ the decline these years. Adown Bon Cat Dunder 解析：题意：近年来棉花产量一直在下降。 要表示“在下 降”要用on the decline。 答案：B完成句子Since last year，the crime rate in Chicago _ _ _(大幅度下降) 答案：has sharply declined,4. appeal vi.呼吁，恳求；申诉；
8、诉诸，求助；n.呼吁，要求；申诉； 吸引力 【用法拓展】 appeal to sb.向某些人呼吁 sth.appeals to sb.吸引某人，对某人有吸引力 appeal against sth.对提出上诉 appealing adj.吸引人的，有趣的 The prisoner appealed to the judge for mercy.那囚犯恳求法官开恩. Having failed to settle the dispute peacefully，they decided to appeal to arms. 在和平解决争端的尝试失败后，他们决定诉诸武力。 I think what
9、appeals to me about his painting is the colours he uses. 我想，他的画感染我的地方在于他对色彩的运用。剑桥高阶 She has lodged(made)an appeal against the severity of the fine. 她认为罚金太高，已提起申诉。剑桥高阶,即学即用,完成句子The school _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _(呼吁学生为残疾人捐款) 答案：made an appeal to the students to donate money to the disabled翻译句子You can
10、appeal to a higher court. _ _ 答案：你可向上一级法院上诉。,重点短语,1break up 结束；制止，驱散；分手 【用法拓展】 break down 出毛病；不运转；(身体)垮了 break away from 脱离(政党等)；打破(陈套等)；去掉 break in vi.打断(说话)，插话；破门(强行)进入 break into 破门而入，闯入；突然开始；忽然化作 break out vi.(战争、火灾、疾病等)突然发生,爆发;爆炸 break the law 违反法律 break off 突然停止讲话；突然停止 break through 突围；突破；冲垮 t
11、ake/have a break 休息一下 break ones word 失信，食言 break in on sth.打断某事,School breaks up in July.学校七月放假。Our car broke down and we had to push it off the road.我们的汽车抛锚了，我们只好把它推到路旁。剑桥高阶Our troops soon broke through the enemys defence.我们的军队很快就突破了敌人的防线。My cars been broken into twice this month.这个月我车上的东西两次被盗。剑桥高
12、阶,When a fire _ at the National Exhibition in London， at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed. Abroke off Bbroke out Cbroke down Dbroke up 解析：题意：当伦敦国家展览馆发生火灾时，至少有十幅价 值连城的油画化为灰烬。break out 爆发，发生；break off 终 止，中断；break down 损坏；垮了；break up 结束；制止， 驱散；分手。 答案：BThe wood was so rotten that
13、，when we pulled，it _ into fragments. Abroke off Bbroke away Cbroke through Dbroke up 解析：题意：那块木料腐朽得很厉害，我们用手一拉它就碎 裂了。break up 意为“粉碎”。 答案：D,2be drunk with.陶醉于，醉心于，沉溺于，因忘 乎所以 【用法拓展】 drunk (1)drink的过去分词；(2)adj.(常作表语)(酒)醉的；陶 醉的，兴奋的；(3)n.醉汉；酒鬼；酗酒者 drunken adj.(常作定语)(酒)醉的 be dead/blind/half drunk烂醉/半醉 as dr
14、unk as a lord酩酊大醉 类似的表示“陶醉于”“沉溺于”的短语有： be deep in 沉溺于 be absorbed in 全神贯注于；沉溺于 be addicted to sth./doing sth.沉溺于 apply oneself to 专心于，集中精力于 be engaged in 忙于，致力于 be occupied with sth./in doing sth.忙于做某事/忙于某事 occupy oneself in doing sth./with sth.忙于做某事/忙于某事 be busy(in)doing sth./with sth.忙于做某事/忙于某事,He
15、 came home last night blind(extremely)drunk.昨晚他回家时已经醉得一塌糊涂了。剑桥高阶Andy staggered in last night drunk as a lord.昨晚安迪回来时摇摇晃晃，喝得酩酊大醉。剑桥高阶He came home and fell into a drunken stupor(sleep)他醉醺醺地回到家里倒头就睡。剑桥高阶,即学即用,完成句子You shouldnt quarrel with a _(醉汉) 答案：drunkThey were _ (陶醉于)with success. 答案：drunk,即学即用,You
16、 will only pass the exam if you really _ _ _ _(真正努力用功) 答案：apply yourself to study单项选择As the teenagers are easily _ with Internet games，it is necessary to make a limit to them. Afrozen Babsorbed Cinvolved Ddrunk 解析：be drunk with 沉溺于；be frozen with 因而僵 住；be absorbed in 全神贯注于，沉溺于；be involved in 被卷入之中。
17、答案：D,3consist of 由组成；包含 【用法拓展】 consist vi.(1)(of)组成，构成 (不用于被动语态) 同义短语为be composed of，be made up of (2)(in)在于，存在于(同exist) consist in 在于consist with 与一致 Happiness consists in appreciating what you have. 知足者常乐。 The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans. 该队由四个欧洲人和两个美国人组成。剑桥高阶 The beauty of a
18、ir travel consists in its speed and ease. 乘飞机旅行的好处在于快捷、舒适。剑桥高阶,即学即用,完成句子The show at the Mexican Museum _ _ _ _ _(展出了30多幅绘画作 品) 答案：consisted of over/more than 30 paintingsThe team _ _ _ _(由12个队 员组成的)won the match at last. 答案：consisting of 12 players,重点句子,1In order to avoid marriage，she says that any
19、potential husband must answer three riddles correctly or die. 【句子分析】 in order to avoid marriage 为不定式作目的状语，位于句首 起强调作用，也可以表达为to avoid marriage，不定式作目 的状语时也可位于句中或句末，位于句中或句末时可表达为 to do sth./so as to do sth./in order to do sth.。 句末的or die是省略的表达方法，补充完整为or he will die， 省略是一种修辞手法，可以避免重复，在书面语中有使用， 口语中使用更多。 So
20、rry，(youve dialed the)wrong number. 对不起，你拨错电话了。 (Its) a beautiful Christmas tree，isnt it？ 这是一颗很漂亮的圣诞树，是不是？,即学即用,The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom.(2009宁夏，30) Alooked at Bto look at Cto looking at Dlook at 解析：句意：当那位著名女演员走进教室时，孩子们都转过 身来看她。to look at为不定式作目的状语。 答案
21、：B_，you need to give all you have and try your best.(2009辽宁，27) ABeing a winner BTo be a winner CBe a winner DHaving been a winner 解析：句意：为了成为赢家，你要付出你的所有并全力以 赴。空格处为不定式作目的状语。 答案：B,_on the QQ，people often use “88” for “goodbye” AWhen chat BWhen chatting CWhen chatted DWhen to chat 解析：时间状语从句中省略了they are
22、，省略之后不会引起歧 义，使句子显得更简洁。 答案：B,2During the 1950s，R&B changed modern music further and led to what we know as rock and roll. 【句子分析】 what we know as rock and roll是介词to 的宾语从句，连接代 词what在从句中作宾语。what在名词性从句中可以充当主 语、宾语、表语。 Much to the couples comfort，their income is now double what it was five years ago. 很令这对夫
23、妇感到安慰的是,他们现在的收入是五年前的两倍.,即学即用,单项选择After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth， _ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space. Awhere Bwhat Cthat Dhow 解析：句意：在杨利伟成功地绕地球飞行后，我们的宇 航员渴望做的事情是太空漫步。what 引导一个主语从 句，what 在句中作宾语。 答案：B,If the South had won the war，_ is now the United States might have been d
24、ivided into several countries.Awhere Bit Cthere Dwhat 解析：句意：如果南方赢得了战争，那么现在是美国的这个国家可能已分为几个国家。what 在主语从句中作主语。 答案：D用连词完成句子_ was interesting was _ it was the little boy who won the champion in the game.答案：What；that,21,22,3Wherever the Beatles went，masses of fans would welcome them at the airport in a ph
25、enomenon that was then called “Beatlemania”，as if it were some kind of mental illness. 【句子分析】 wherever the Beatles went 为地点状语从句，引导地点状 语从句的常见连词有：wherever和where。 that was then called “Beatlemania” 为定语从句，修饰先行 词a phenomenon。 as if引导的方式状语从句中使用虚拟语气，表示不是客观 事实。as if/though 引导方式状语从句时，可以使用陈述 语气，也可以使用虚拟语气。as i
26、f/though从句可用省略形 式，后面接不定式、分词、形容词或介词短语。,He talked as if he had been there himself.他说话的样子好像他亲自去过那里一样。The boy looked as if/though(he was)in search of something lost.看上去那个男孩在找丢的东西。The class teacher stood at the school gate as if(he was)waiting for Toms coming back to school.班主任站在校门口好像他正在等待汤姆返回学校。,即学即用,单项
27、选择The little girl who got lost decided to remain _ she was and wait for her mother.(2009山东，28)Awhere Bwhat Chow Dwho解析：句意：这个迷路的小女孩决定待在她原来的地方等她妈妈。where引导地点状语从句。答案：AThey completely ignored these facts as if they never _.Aexists Bexisted Chave existed Dhad existed 解析：题意：他们完全忽视了这些事实，好像它们从来没有存在过。答案：B完成句子
28、He cleared his throat as if _ _ _ _ _(好像要说什么似的)答案：he wanted to say something,23,24,25,语法精讲,省略一、省略在句子的作用及特点1作用：省略是一种修饰方式，它是将前面或后面出现的 词语省略，避免重复。同时使句子结构更加紧凑，使句 子简洁明了。省略在书面语中比较常见，在口语中更常见.2特点：句子中的单词、短语甚至句子都可以省略，省略 的成分可以被补充出来。有许多省略结构在长期的语言 发展过程中已成固定用语，不需要将省略的成分补充出来.,二、省略的种类1句子成分的省略 一个句子中主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语在不同的
29、句子类型 中都有可能被省略。 (1)省略主语的情况有：祈使句中的you通常省略，其它主语也 可能被省略。 Do come here by 8 oclock tomorrow morning.请一定明天早上 八点前到达这里。 (I)Beg your pardon.请您原谅。(请再说一遍。) (2)有些结构中可以省略谓语或谓语的一部分。 Has the task been finished? Yes，it has(been finished) (3)口语中通常可以将助动词省略。 (Are)you reading the new magazine？你在读那本新杂志吗？ (4)上下文中相似的表语可以省
30、略。 Most of my classmates are hardworking，but a few are not(hardworking),(5)宾语的省略：当同一个主语的并列谓语有相同的宾语，但动作不同时发生时，可以省略除最后一个宾语之外的其余宾语。She washed(her skirt)，ironed( her skirt)，and folded the skirt.她洗完了她的裙子，并且把它熨烫好、折叠好。(6)定语的省略：前置定语多采用“承前省略”，后置定语采用“蒙后省略”。I like fresh vegetables and(fresh)fruits.我喜欢新鲜的蔬菜和水果。
31、They are teachers(of the senior school)and students of the senior school. 他们是那所高中的老师和学生。(7)状语的省略。He got the first prize in the game.(How)Strange！他获得了第一名，真奇怪！,2句子的省略 (1)“主语动词或系动词/助动词”的省略 Sorry,(youve dialed the)wrong number.对不起,你拨错号了. How are you? 你好吗？ (Im fine)Fine，thank you. 很好，谢谢。 (2)从句的省略 You loo
32、k much better today( than you looked yesterday.) 今天你看起来气色比昨天好多了。 (3)整个句子的省略 Are you from America? 你来自美国吗？ Yes.(I am from America) 是的。,3.常见的习惯上的省略句式 (1)as.as possible 结构： 该结构表示“尽可能”。 Please hand in your paper as early as possible. 请尽可能早地将你的论文交上来。 (2)if only.句式： 该句式后常接一个虚拟语气的句子，表示“要是就好了”。 If only I ha
33、d passed the examination last week. 要是我通过了上周的考试就好了。 (3)What if.？句式 该句式表示“要是怎么办？”。 What if we cant raise enough money for the project? 要是我们不能为这个项目筹集到足够的钱，该怎么办呢？,(4)Why/Why not.？句式该句式后跟动词原形，用来表示一种建议，有时表示一种强烈的反问语气。You always go to school on foot，why not take a bus to have a try?你经常走路去学校，为什么不试试坐车呢？(5)Wh
34、at/How about.？句式该句式用来提出建议或征求对方意见。I would like to have a cup of coffee，how/what about you？我来一杯咖啡，你呢？(6)连词possible/necessary结构连词if，when，where，whenever，wherever与necessary，possible连用，省略已成习惯。When necessary，we will work on weekends.必要的时候，我们将在周末加班。,三、省略的其它使用情况1标记、标签或其它说明性短语中 如：No parking！禁止泊车！ No littering
35、！禁止乱扔垃圾！2报刊杂志的标题或新闻和广播的摘要 如：No arms，No legs，No worries！(Nick has no arms， no legs，no worries！)3指令性要求 如：Do not bend.(Do not bend this file.)4日记或明信片中 如：Finished yesterdays diary.5笔记中 如：Class run well，students look fine.,语法专练,1Only when _ according to the directions strictly， will the medicine work wel
36、l. Ataking Bto take Ctaken Dbeing taken 解析：句意：只有严格按照说明书服用时，这种药才能很好 地起作用。 状语从句省略了“主语系动词”it is。 答案：C2Why didnt you come to Mikes birthday party yesterday? Well，I_ but I forgot it. Ashould Bmust Cshould have Dmust have 解析：句意：噢，我本应该去参加昨晚迈克的生日晚会的， 但我忘了。完整的答语为Well，I should have come to Mikes birthday part
37、y yesterday but I forgot it，助动词have 不省略。 答案：C,3Mum，where is my lunch pack? Just where it _. Ahas been Bhad been Cwas Dbe 解析：句意：就在它原来所在的地方。 完整的表达为 Your lunch pack is just where it was.承接上文，将主谓语省略了。 答案：C4. What are the workers anxious about? _ run better in the future. AIf the company can BThat the co
38、mpany can CThe company can DWhether the company can 解析：句意：工人们担忧公司在以后是否能运转得更好。答 语中承接上文省略了“主语谓语”，完整表达为：The workers are anxious about whether the company can run better in the future.介词about 后的宾语从句不能由if 来引导。 答案：D,5When _ on sand，the plant grows close to the ground，_ narrow leaves and small flowers. Agr
39、own；to have Bgrowing；having Cgrowing；and have Dgrew；having 解析：句意：当长在沙滩上时，这种植物贴近地面，长出狭 窄的叶子和小花。状语从句中省略了 they are；第二空为伴 随状语，have 与the plant为主谓关系，使用现在分词。 答案：B6Sorry，do you mind if I smoke here? Yes，_.(2009辽宁，35) Ayou could Bgo ahead CI do Dmy pleasure 解析：句意：对不起，你介意我在这里抽烟吗？介 意，我的确介意。 根据语境，答话人应该是拒绝了对方的 请
40、求。 答案：C,7I dont care what people think. Well，you _.(2009四川，13) Acould Bwould Cshould Dmight 解析：句意：我不介意别人怎么想。哦，你应该那 么做。句中省略了情态动词后面的谓语动词。 答案：C8My mother is preparing my favorite dishes.Go with me and have a taste，okay? _.And Ill be glad to meet your parents.(2009陕 西，14) AI think so BId love to CIm sur
41、e DI hope so 解析：句意：我妈妈在准备我最爱吃的菜。和我一起去 尝尝，好吗？我愿意去，我也很想见见你的父母。 根据句意，答话者愿意去，选择B项，句中省略了go with you and have a taste。 答案：B,9Did you return Mikes call? I didnt need to _ Ill see him tonight. Athough Bunless Cbecause Dwhen 解析：主句中省略了 return Mikes call。 答案：C10Did you go to see the football match in the stadium? _，but my cousin called on me. AId like to BId like to have CI wouldnt like it DI like to 解析：题意：我想去，但我堂兄来拜访我了。动作发生在过 去，答语应该使用Id like to have gone to see the football match in the stadium，不定式的完成式省略时要保留have。 答案：B,
