1、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.) ： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如： one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动
2、词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art)：用在名词前 ,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.) ： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如 in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如 and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, w
3、ell, hi, hello.2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么” 。通常用名词或代词担任。如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐 )2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)” 。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样” 。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词
4、的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么” 。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词 to 或 for 加在间接宾语前构成短语 ,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
5、6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate
6、Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？ )3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground 等等。2、派生法：(1)派生名词：动词+er/or 动词+ing 动词+(t)ion 形容词+ness 其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容词：名词+y 名词+ful 动词+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese
7、English French German 国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词：形容词+ly 其它,如：slowly, angrily, fullfully, goodwell, possiblepossibly 等等。3、转换法：(1)形容词动词 ,如：dry(干燥的)dry(弄干), clean(干净的)clean(打扫,弄干净), 等等。(2)动词 名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, stud
8、y, swim, go, talk 等等。(3)名词动词 ,如：hand(手)(传递),face(脸)(面对) 等等。(4)形容词副词 ,如：earlyearly, fastfast 等等。(5)副词连词 ,如：when(什么时候)(当时候),等等。(6)介词副词 ,如：in(到 里) (在里面；在家),on(在上)(进行,继续),等等初中英语介词定义：介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。一、表示时间的介词：1、in , o
9、n，at 在时in 表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in the night, in ones life , in ones thirties 等。on 表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。如 on May 1st, on Monday, on New Years Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday
10、afternoon 等。at 表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。 如 at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of , at the age of , at Christmas， at night, at noon, at this moment 等。注意：在 last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day.“at 时间点，有 on 必有天，in 指月季年，也和色相连 ”就是说，有具体的时间点的时候用 at
11、，具体那一天用 on，说到月份，季节，年份，就用 in ；而且说谁穿了什么颜色的衣服的时候，也是用 in （color）at 用于某一具体时刻或重大节日之前在初中阶段常见的固定短语in English 用英语 in a minute 一会儿、立刻 in a short while 一会儿、不久in a hurry 匆匆忙忙 in danger 在危险中 in full 全部地、详细地in a word 一句话 in all 总共 in every case 不管怎样in the end 最后 in spite of 尽管 in person 亲自in fact 事实上 in good heal
12、th 身体健康的 in front of 在前面in some ways 在某些方面 in common 共同的 in public 当众2、before、afterbefore 表示“ 在某时刻或某件事之前 ”，after 用在时刻或某件事之后。3、by、until、till（1）by 表示“在之前，到为止”（2）till 与 until 都有“直到”或“直到为止”之意，till 多用于口语，且不能放在句首，till 和 until 用于肯定句时，主句中动词的动作一致延续到 till或 until 后的时间为止；till 和 until 用于否定句时，主句中的动词是瞬间动作，它的动作要到 t
13、ill 或 until 后的时间才发生。He can not be back _January.直到一月份他才回来。 （till/until ）We waited _10 oclock last night.昨晚我们一直等到 10 点钟。 （till/until）4in ，after两者都有“在一段时间之后”之意，但“in+时间段”表示时间从现在算起，常用语将来时态；而“after+时间段/时间点”表示的时间从过去算起，多用于过去式。Eg：（1）I will finish the work _two hours.两个小时后我将完成这项工作。（2）He returned his hometown
14、 _half an year.半年后他返回了他的故乡。【考题再现】No hurry.The bus will arrive _ten minutes.A .at B. for C.in D. by【解析】在将来时中，in 用在一段时间之前，表示在一段时间之后。故选 C二、表示地点的介词：表示方位的介词：in、on、to1 In 表示 “在内” ，on 表示“与相邻” ，to 表示 “在之外，又不相邻” A is in the northeast of B.A is on the west of B.B is to the east of A.2、表示“在之上或之下”的介词above, over
15、, on 在 上above 指在上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below 相对；over 指垂直的上方,与 under 相对,但 over 与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。 on 表示某物体上面并与之接触。The bird is flying above my head.There is a bridge over the river.He put his watch on the desk.below, under 在下面 under 表示在正下方 below 表示在下，不一定在正下方3、表示在某地的介词：at、in、onat表示较小的地点，in表示较大的地方，on 表示在一个平面上。4、表示“
16、前、后”的介词in front of ，in the front of，before 表示“在之前”in front of = before 表示“在某一范围之外的前面”in the front of 表示“在某一范围之内的前部 ” at the back of, behind, after 三者均有“在之后”之意，at the back of 是 in the front of 的反义词，表示“在某一范围之内的后部” ，behind 是 in front of 的反义词，表示“在某一范围之外的后面” ，After 可与 behind 互换，也可以用于表示运动的词词后面。5、表示“里外”的介词
17、in 表示“在内” ，有静止之意，inside 表示“在里面” 、 “到里面” ，强调“以为界”之意，into 表示动作的方向，意为“到内” 。 outside 是 inside 的反义词，表示“在外面” ，out of 是 into 的反义词，表示“到外” 。 6. from, to, for, into, out of 1)from 从The train started from Paris.She will fly from Beijing to HK.2)to 到.（目的地）去，向He went to Guangzhou last year.They got to the town v
18、ery late.3)for 向，表目的方向He left for Tianjin on business yesterday.The train for Shanghai has been away.Towards, to 和 for 都可表示方向，其区别如下：Towards 仅指朝向某个方向，不一定是目的地，而 to 和 for 都是“向目的地” 。For 作“向（目的地）时，常用于固定搭配中，如： leave for, start for4) into 进入Please put the water into the bottle.The teacher came into the cla
19、ssroom.5)out of 从 出来A girl in red went out of the shop.They pulled him out of the water.三、其他介词1、表示材料与手段的介词：with, by, inwith 表示“用某种工具” 。如：He broke the window with a stone. 他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。注意：with 表示用某种工具时，必须用冠词或物主代词。 by 指“靠手段” ， “用方法” ， “凭借动作” ，所表示的方法、手段、途径比较抽象，后接名词、代词或动名词，也可和 bus、plane、bike 等表示交通手段的名词连用。
20、 in 表示“所用材料以及所用的语言、声音、衣饰等 ” 2、of, from, aboutOf 表示“属于的” ，表示数量或种类；from 表示“是哪里人”以及时间或时间的起点来自；about“关于” 、 “大约、左右”等。 四、几个已混介词的用法辨析1)表示 “在之间”的介词：between, amongbetween 指在两个人或两个事物之间；among 指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。2)by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具by 以方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具；with 表示用 工具、手段，一般接具体的工具和手段；in 表示用方式，用语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等；He make
21、s a living by selling newspapers.He broke the window with a stone.The foreigner spoke to us in English.五、含有介词的固定搭配1、介词与动词do well in 在某方面做的好 do with 处置 agree with sb. 同意某人begin with 以开始 laugh at 嘲笑 help with 在方面帮助leave for 动身去某地 catch up with 赶上 get on/a long with 与相处arrive in/at 到达make friend with与交
22、朋友 take care of照顾、照料look at 看 listen to 听 hear from 听说look for 寻找 turn on/off 打开/关上 send for 派人去请look after 照看、照料 put on 穿上 pay for 为付钱Look over 检查 depend on 依赖、依靠 wait for 等候fill with 充满 ask for 要，要求2、介词和形容词的固定搭配be satisfied with sb. 对某人感到满意be weak in 在某方面差be good/bad for 对有益/有害 be late for 迟到be pl
23、eased with sb. 对某人感到满意be busy with 忙于be angry at sth. 因而生气 be made of 由制成be angry at sb. 生某人的气 be good at 在方面做的好be full of 充满 be different from与不同be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格be strict in sth.对某事要求严格be proud of 以为荣3、介词与名词搭配in time 及时 at work 在工作on time 按时 in fact 事实上at home 在家 at once 马上at night 晚上 in
24、trouble 处于困境on foot 步行 on duty 值日in a hurry 匆忙 in the sun 在阳光下1( ) 1 Children get gifts _ Christmas and _ their birthdays.A. on; on B. at; on C. in; in D. in; on( ) 2 -There is nothing _tomorrow afternoon, is there?-No. We can have a game of table tennis.A. on B. in C. out D. up( ) 3 A lot of studen
25、ts in our school were born_March, 1981.A. in B. at C. on D. since( ) 4 Tim suddenly returned_ a rainy night.A. on B. at C. in D. during( ) 5 My grandfather was born_Oct. 10, 1935.A. on B. in C. at D. of( ) 6 The train is starting_five minutes.A. in B. at C. for D.still( ) 7 Mike does his exercises _
26、 seven _ the evening.A. on; to B. at; in C. by; of D. at; on2( ) 1 The population of the world has grown very fast _ four hundred years.A. for past the B. in the pass C. in the past D. for past( ) 2 We returned to our hometown_.A. next week B. in the last week C. last week D. for a week( ) 3 Great c
27、hanges have taken place_.A. in the last few year B. in the last few years C. last year D. on the last year3( ) 1 Children wake up very early_the morning of Christmas Day.A. in B. on C. for D. at( ) 2 _a cold winter morning, I met her at the bus stop.A. In B. On C. At DFor( ) 3 It happened to be very
28、 cold_ the morning of our sports meet.A. at B. on C. with D. of( ) 4 Why did you get up so early _ this morning.A. on B. / C. at D. in4( ) 1 He went to Shanghai_ September 3, 1991 and came back_ a cold morning last year.A. in; on B. on; in C. on; on D. in; in( ) 2 Lucy was born_ the night of May 12,
29、 1984. . .A. on B. in C. at D. to( ) 3 Mrs Brown came to China _ 1996.A.on B. of C. to, D. in( ) 4 _ the morning of November 20, 1915, the workers came to Chicago to show their mourning_Joe Hill.A. On; to B. In; of . C. On; for , D. At; for( ) 5 Ann moved_Hangzhou_September, 1992./; in i B. to; in C
30、. to; on D, in; in( ) 6 They started off_an autumn afternoon.A. during B. at C. in D. on5( ) 1 He often goes _ school _ six thirty _ the morning.A. for; to; in B. to; at in C. to; for; at D, for; at; to( ) 2 He arrived _ Shanghai _ 9: 30 _ March 5. fA. at; in; at B. to; on; at C. in; on; at D. in; a
31、t; on( ) 3 The English teacher told me to get there_ half past ten.A: in B. at C. on D. Of( ) 4 The children get up _ 6 oclock.A. at B. on C. during D. in6( ) 1 The doctor worked_ five hours_ a rest.A. for; with B. on; without C. about; having D. for; without( ) 2 I worked on the problem _ a long ti
32、me and I worked it out_myself_ last.A. for; by; at B. in; with; on C. on; by; in D. for; for; at the( ) 3 A new factory will be set up:_ a year. A. for B. in C. after D. on( ) 4 Two years_ he began to write another story-book.A. after B. later ; C. in D. late( ) 5 We will finish the picture a day.A.
33、 in B. on C. after D. on( ) 6 The workers had been_ strike_almost a month.A. on; in B. at; in C. on; for D. on; during( ) 7 Mr Brown had lain _ the ground _ four hours before they finally found him.A. on; for B. at; in C. on; after D. in; during7( ) 1 The teacher is coming back_ an hour.A. after B.
34、for C. in D. before( ) 2 She lived in the mountain village_ the years 1940-1950.A. between B. during C. in D. since( ) 3 Miss Wang will come to Beijing_ two days.A. after B. in C. on D. before( ) 4 The American Civil War lasted four years before the North won _ the end.A. by B. at C. in D. on8( ) 7
35、Mary had finished her homework_ the time I got home.A. until B. by C. at D. when( ) 2 We stayed at the lab_ our teacher returned.A. till B. by C. during D. while( )3 They didnt leave the station_ they get on the train.A. until B. by C. after y D. at91 Dont worry. He will return_.A. before long B. lo
36、ng before C. long long ago D. long ago2 There lived an old man, fishing at sea_.A. long before B. before long C. long time ago D. soon3 It was not _ they came back.A. long before B. before long C. long time before D. long after4 I was told that his uncle had gone to France .A. long before -B. shortl
37、y after C. before long D. long ago10( ) 1 _ Tom gets up at five in the morning.A. Sometime B. Sometimes C. Some time D. Some times( ) 2 I remember we met each other_ last year.A. Sometime B. some times C. some time D. sometimes( ) 3 Mary and I have been to the Great Wall,_.A. sometime B. some time C
38、. sometimes D. some times( ) 4 He studied English for _ in London, and then he went to America.A. sometimes B. sometime newB. some time B. some times11( ) 1 I dont like to sit _ Toms right. I would like to sit _ the back row.A. on; in B. in; on C. on; at D. at; on( ) 2 There is a brook_ red flowers
39、and green grass_ both sides. A. of with B. with; on C. of; at D. with; in( ) 3 There are many trees _ of the road! And _ of the trees isgrowing larger and larger. A. on both side; a number B. on each sides; a number C. on both sides; the number D. on every side; the number12( ) 1 The plane is flying
40、 _.A. in the sky B. in. the air C. in space D. in sky( ) 2 There is a sweet smell_.A. in the air B. in the open air C. in the sky D. in the space( ) 3 We held an interesting party_.A. in the air B. in the sky C. in the open air D. in space( ) 4 Seen from_, the earth appears to be a big blue ball.A.
41、the space B. space C. a space D. this space13( ) 1 Tom sits_the classroom while John sits_the room.A. in front of; at back of B. in the front of; at the back of C. in front of; at the back of D. in the front of; at back of( ) 2 Lucy sits_ the third row, _Jims left.A. on; on B. in; at C. at; in D. in
42、; on( ) 3 Jiangsu is_ the east of China, but Japan is _ the east of China. A. to; in B. in; to . C. on; to D. to; on14( ) 1. -Can I look up a word_ your dictionary?-I havent got_me.A. into; about B. in; with C. at; in D. on; on( ) 2 1 like mooncakes _ meat _ them.A. in; on B. with; on C. in; the D.
43、with; in( ) 3 When you are _ trouble please ask help _ us.A. in; from B. in; for C. on; from D. on; of( ) 4 The shopkeeper said they had sold out the shoes_ your size.A. about B. in C. to D. of( ) 5 I saw him_hurry at the moment.A. in a B. in C. on D. on a15( ) 1 He put up a map _ the back wall beca
44、use there was a hole _ it.A. on; on B. at; in C. on; in D. on; at( ) 2 There is a door_ the wall. A. on B. to C. of D.in( ) 3 This kind of VCD is made_ China. .A. in B. from C. at D. on( ) 4 Any man _ eyes_ his head can see that hes exactly like a rope.A. with; on B. with; in C. on; with D. in; with
45、16( ) 1 There are some birds singing_ the trees.A. in B. on C. at D. from( ) 2 Dont read _ the sun. Its bad _ your eyes.A. in; to B. under; for C. with; to D. in; on( ) 3 The woman_ a blue dress is my teacher.A. in B. on C. of D. at( ) 4 There are so many apples_ that tree.A. in JB, on C. at , D. fr
46、om17( ) 1 The boat is passing_ the bridge.A. through B. below C. under D. across( ) 2 Two planes are flying_ the city.A. through B. over , C. on , D, below( ) 3 We can see a river running to the east_ the hill.A. under B. below C. over D. on( ) 4 Do you see the kite _ the building.A. over B. cross C
47、. on D. above18( ) 1 The United States is _ the south of Canada and _ the east of Japan.A. to; in B.on;to C. in; beside D. at; on( ) 2 My hometown lies_ the city. _ I often go to the city by bike. A. 50 miles in the east; However B. to the east 40 miles of; But C. in the east 45 miles from; But D. 3
48、5 miles east of; However( ) 3 The man stood_the window, watching the boys playing outside. A. in B. by C. with D. to( ) 4 Japan lies_ the east of China.A. on B/ to C. in D. with19( ) 1 Is the street too narrow for the bus to go _?A. through B. across C. on D. in( ) 2 A mother camel was walking _ her son _ the desert.A. without; along B. with; through C. next to; pass D. beside; thro
