1、1Chapter 1Human Body as a WholeMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland2. inflammation of the adrenal gland 3. pertaining to medicine4. pertaining to biol
2、ogy 5. pertaining to chemistry 6. pertaining to the blood vessel 7. pertaining to cells8. pertaining to molecules 9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing10. the study of the living thing 11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing 12. the study of the heart 13. the disease of the hea
3、rt14. the record of the heart waves15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands16. pertaining to the production of hormone17. the study of inner gland secretion 18. the red blood cell19. the white blood cell 20. the lymph cell 21. the study of cell 22. the study of chemistry of cell23. the
4、 study of biology of cell 224. the study of embryo25. the tumor of the embryo 26. the study of the disease of the embryo27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands28. pertaining to the inside of the heart29. pertaining to the inside of the cell30. above the skin 31. above the skin 32. inf
5、lammation of the skin 33. red blood cells 34. instrument of measuring red blood cells 35. to breathe out the waste gas 36. to drive somebody or something out 37. to spread outside38. sth that produces diseases 39. the study of blood 40. blood cells 41. the study of tissues 42. the study of tissue pa
6、thology43. therapy treatment, hence tissue treatment 44. pertaining to the base 45. pertaining to the toxin46. pertaining to symptoms 47. the study of bodys auto protection from diseases48. protected from 49. deficiency in the immune system of the body50. substance from the adrenal gland 51. water f
7、rom it52. the study of societies 53. the study of urinary system354. the study of cell 55. lymph cells 56. tumor of the lymphatic system 57. the study of the lymphatic system 58. the study of physical growth 59. a doctor of internal medicine 60. treatment by physiological methods 61. the new growth
8、,tumor 62. the study of mind63. abnormal condition of the mind 64. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland 66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland 68.cutting apart the
9、human body as a branch of medical sciences69. cut open the bone 70.to cut the heart open71. pertaining to the blood vessel 72. inflammation of the blood vessel 73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vessel Key to the Exercises B.1. （embryo）embryology 2. (process/condition) mechanism3.
10、(heart) cardiovascular 4. (color) chromatin5. (secretion) endocrinology 6. (cell) cytology7. (sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen8. (lymph) lymphatic 49. (the study of) psychology10. (pertaining to) regularLanguage Points:put together 组成 known as 叫做 joints between bones 关节 to provide points
11、of attachment for the muscles that move the body 牵动骨骼肌引起各种运动 hip joint 髋关节 flexible 有韧性的 cushioning 缓冲 replaced by bone 骨化 one bone moves in relation to the other 两骨彼此靠近产生运动 contents 物质nourishment 营养物质 function 发挥功能 waste products 废物 accumulate 积聚 poison the body 危害生命 distributes 运送 needed materials
12、 有用的物质 unneeded ones 废物 is made up of 包括 protectagainst foreign invaders 防止外来侵袭（See! Power Point）identical 对等的 receives 吸收 traveled through 流经 forced out 压送 reenter 流入 directly 直接地 channels 管道 filters 过滤 larynx 喉管 trachea 气管 two lungs 左右肺 very large number of 大量的 air spaces 肺泡 release 释放出 extending
13、延伸到 broken down 分解 absorbed into 吸收进 chewing 咀嚼 esophagus 食管 Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.1. (The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the body temperature constant.)3. (The circulation of blood c
14、arries useful materials to all body cells while removing waste ones.)54. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.)5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chem
15、icals in the body.)7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.)8. (The brain collects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts of the body to be carried out.)9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, tran
16、sport and keep active male sex cells.)10. (The largest of the bodys organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the body with a complete layer.) Key to the Section A Passage 1 Exercises E.1. cardiovascular diseases 2. function of the pituitary3. the urinary tract 4. molecules 5. artery 6. endoc
17、rinology7. dyspnea / difficulty in respiration 8. saliva9. histology 10. blood circulation11. hematology 12. physiology13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive15. nervous cells 16. immunology17. indigestion / poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle 19. embryology 20. psychology Section B, Passage 2 Ce
18、lls and TissuesLanguage PointsOrganized 组（构）成 arranged in to 构成 in turn are grouped into 又进一步组成 serves its specific 有特定的 bear in mind 记住 result from 源于 billions 亿万 determind 确立 fit on 合在一起 by contrast 相比之下 machinary 机构 while normally 在正常情况下 function with great efficiency 高效地发挥作用 6are subject to 易于发生
19、 result in 导致 millionth 百万分之一equal 等于 average 一般 a speck barely visible 基本上看不见的一个小点 The science that deals with cells on the smalleststructural and functional level is called molecular biology.从最小的结构及功能水平研究细胞的科学叫分子生物学。 living jelly 生命胶囊 encloses 覆盖 is done 完成 external 以外的 semipermeable 半透性的 phosphol
20、ipid 磷脂（膜） intact 完整 distribute 分布 diffusion 扩散 dissolved 分解 pinocytosis 胞饮作用 breaks loose 分裂出来 drifts into 进入 varies from-to 在-范围内变化 depending on 取决于 vanish 消失 stiffening 增强剂 glucose 葡萄糖 run through 交织 twists through 交织穿过stacks 堆 appear to 看来 play a part in 对-起作用 hereditary traits 细胞特性 strands 条串 t
21、oo thinly strung 过于稀疏 spherical structure 球体状 cavities 孔穴 coordinates 协调 Key to the Exercises B1. cytology 2. protoplasm 3.cell membrane 4. cell nucleus 5. cytoplasm 6. deoxyribonucleic acid7. semipermeable 8. molecular biology 9. carbodydrate10. differentially 11. to keep . intact 12. on the eviden
22、ce of 13.hereditary trait 14. diffusion15. transaction 16. blueprint 17. chromosome 18. pigment 19. to excrete waste liquid 20. to disperse21. impulse 22. ribonucleic acid Key to the Exercises C1. 细胞质的各处以及沿着胞浆网有数量很多的核糖体。2. 位于细胞上的叫做“小穴”的小室收集化学信号，并把它们传送到细胞。3. 研究细胞的科学家已经确立：一个细胞可能有一个网球那么大，也可能成千上万个细胞合在一起
23、才有针尖那么大。4. 对于那些单细胞的有机体而言，这种液体是题细胞以外的水，即海洋、湖泊或小溪；但对于多细胞的生物而言，这种媒介就是生物体的一部分对于植物来7讲是它的汁液， 对于动物来讲是它的血液。Chapter 2 Diseases and DisordersMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.1. without symptoms 2. lack
24、 of blood 3. pertaining to the condition of lacking shape4. cutting apart the body as a branch of medical sciences5. examination through separation, taking things apart6. a specialist whose work is to carry out analysis 7. the x-ray photo of the blood vessel8. surgical repaie of the vessel 9. inflam
25、mation of the blood vessel10. destroys or weakens bacteria or neutralizes the poison they produce11. stimulates the production of antibodies12. destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria13. sth to do with the lungs 14. pertaining to the urinary tract15. pertaining to heredity
26、 16.not enough; lack17. no longer generate, produce, go down18. ribonucleic acid without oxygen19. the complete knowledge about a patient20. complete separation of waste matter from 21. a cross measurement of a round surface22. the machine which records the heart electric waves23. the record of the
27、muscle electric wave824. the record of electric wave of the brain25. within a particular group of people 26. to close in27. to swallow in 28. complete knowledge of a patient29. the state of knowing sth before it actually occurs30. record of electric wave of the heart 31. an x-ray photo of the blood
28、vessel 32. an x-ray photo of the muscle（spinal cord） 33.the machine which records the heart electric waves34. the instrument which measures the time35. the instrument which measures the breath36. the process of taking X-ray photograph 37. the process of using ultra sound to detect the abnormality of
29、 the body38. inflammation of the liver 39. the cell of the liver40. pertaining to the liver and stomach 41. inflammation of the colon 42. inflammation of the stomach43. inflammation of the intestine44. the process of taking x-ray photos of the breasts45. x-ray photos of the breasts 46. surgical reco
30、nstruction of the breasts47. the instrument for measuring amount of air breathed into the lungs48. the instrument for measuring temperatures49. the instrument for measuring pressure50. the abnormal condition of hardening 51. abnormal mind condition 52. pertaining to infection53. pertaining to the ne
31、rve 954. pertaining to the mucus55. the study of diseases 56. the instrument to record diseases57. germs that produce diseases 58. a tape of cell of the body defense system destroys invaders59. the study of how the cell of the body defense system destroys invaders60. surgical repair of the blood ves
32、sel 61. surgical repair of the bone 62. surgical repair of the muscle63. status of a woman before her labor 64. to make statement about the future event 65. before it is mature 66. pertaining to the lungs67. the study of the lungs 68. inflammation of the lungs69. the science which deals with x ray o
33、r radioactive substances70. pertaining to radioactivity 71. the instrument to examine the heart and lungs by listening 72. the instrument that can make bacteria and virus look larger enough to be examined73. the instrument which is used to examine the bladder74. the instrument for measuring the amou
34、nt of air breathed into the lungs75. breathing 76. having to do with the spirometer77. the instrument to examine the heart and lungs by listening78. the chest pain 79. to measure the circumference of the chest80. treatment of diseases by medicine (chemistry)81. treatment of diseases by x ray or radi
35、oactive agents82. treatment of diseases by physical means83. the study of urinary system 84. the instrument which measures sugar in the urine1085. to do with the reproductive organ and the urinary tractKey to the Section A Exercise B1. the colon colitis 2. the stomach gastritis 3. the intestine ente
36、ritis 4. the lungs pumonitis 5. the breast mammitis 6. the thyroid thyroiditis7. the lymph vessel lymphangitis 8. the blood vessel vasculitis 9. the adrenal gland adrenalitis 10. the blood vessel angitisSection B ReadingsPassage One Human DiseasesLanguage Points: brief survey 概论 glimpse 印象 fundament
37、als 基础、原理the picture is not complete 这一概论就不完整the modern approach to the study of disorder 现代对疾病的研究方法aspect 方面 defined as a condition 被定义为一种状态succumb to 受制于 in turn 反过来说 detect 觉察swollen blood vessel 血管扩张 strikes 侵袭 community 社区runs a short course 病程短 often hits without warning 常常发作没有前兆gradual onset
38、发病慢 ailment （精神）病 causative agents 病愿体airborne droplets 空气小粒 sneeze 打喷嚏 produce 导致a disease-producing organism 一个致病的有机体 disturbances 紊乱poorly operating nervous system 神经系统工作不良 provoked 引发drug addiction 吸毒成性 Furthermore 而且 gene patterns 基因improperly operating 工作状态不良 Genetic disorders 基因失调inborn error
39、s of metabolism 先天性代谢失调mental retardation 智力发育迟缓 places to breed 繁衍的世界broadly 广义地 ward off 阻止 sexual contact 性接触 cholera 霍乱typhoid fever 伤寒热 tainted 腐烂的 barriers 屏障offer considerable resistance 在很大程度上抵抗 In minor cases 在较轻的病例中lined with mucus-secreting cells 覆盖满了能分泌黏液的细胞 trap 捕捉11dust particles 尘粒 wa
40、ve like a field of wheat 象麦田里的小麦一样舞动foreign matter 异物 potential 潜在的 thrive 蓬勃繁殖assumes higher 达到高烧 Wax 蜡 flock to 群集在try to localize the infection 使感染局部化 pus-filled abscesses 脓块Unless 如果不 drain 排除 blocked 挡住 tender 松柔的brought 感染上传 traces 侵袭 long-lasting 长期的 range 包括are a class of 一种被称为 sites 部位 link
41、 with 相连 hook up 粘和out of action 失去作用 by inactivating 失去活性key portion of the harmful substance 关键有害部分 butter the surface 表面涂上一些奶油make them tastier to phagocytes 让吞噬细胞更喜欢吞噬它们intermediate 中间体 actually destroy 实施消灭 fixes 会有一个eat through 咬穿 burst 暴开 several kinds 若干the most plentiful and versatile 数量最多用
42、途最多 next most plentiful 数量次多 adapted to 适合 at the first signs of 一有。 。出现 against the infection 对付传染病involved 涉及 triggered by 触发 to multiply 准备繁殖are not the best qualified to fight a wide range of antigens 不是对付广普抗原的最好选择concentrates 集中 sticks well to 粘连 switched off 停止example of negative feedback cont
43、rol 消极反馈控制的例子Key to the Exercise E1. （每一个抗体由一条化学亚单位（即氨基酸）的重链和一条轻链所构成。这条轻链上有特别的部位，氨基酸能使其补体和抗原子相连。 ）2. （某些情况下，通过调理素作用的过程，抗体在抗原表面涂抹上一些“奶油” ，让吞噬细胞更喜欢吞噬它们。 ）3. （在另一些情况下，抗体和一个细菌抗原合上以后，却需要一个中间体，或补体来实施对该细胞的消灭。于是，当抗体和抗原的结合体随血液循环时，该结合体有一个补体附体。 ）4. （在第一天左右，血液中没有发现对付传染病的抗体。但是，这只是因为涉及抗体制造的基本细胞已被当前的抗原存在所触发而准备开始繁殖
44、。 ）12Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercise F1. to impair proper function 2.to contaminate environment3. malfunction 4. causative agent 5. vulnerable groups 6. localized infection7. venereal disease 8. antigen and antibodySection B, Passage 2 Diagnosis and Prognosis Language Points：clinical encount
45、ers 就诊过程 set the stage for making a diagnosis 触使医生作出一个诊断diagnosis is accomplished with 一个完整的诊断由病人的。 。 。而组成 standard 标准 preferably quoting the patient 最好引用患者的自述 stating the purpose of the visit 陈述就诊的目的 the duration of the complaint 病痛持续的时间 the patient states a request instead of a complaint 也可将患者的要求作
46、为主诉 Other physicians involved in the patients care 患者的其他保健医生 how much 轻重程度 What makes the symptom better or worse, past medical care 症状的好转或加重的影响因素 to narrow diagnostic possibilities 缩小诊断范围 drug habits 有无药物成瘾 available to the patient 患者可获得 Review 回顾 Prognosis 预后 encounter遇到 get recovered 痊愈 to stay w
47、ell 病情好转 the forecast of the probable results 对病情可能的发展作出预测 discuss 探讨 to expect from the clinical course of the condition 在治疗过程中所期盼的resolve 痊愈 reassurance is often all that is needed 安慰就行了 a given patient 特定的病人 be determined primarily 主要取决于 aware of his/her willingness to discuss the prognosis 意识到讨论
48、预后与否取决于病人的愿意 best conducted at follow- up visits 最好在随访中进行 the two 双方 The best 最高明的blend.together 交融在一起 through the complicated steps of shock, denial, depression, and acceptance of fatal illness 度13过身患致命疾病的震惊，否认，抑郁，和接受现实的复杂阶段 abandon the patient扔下病人不管Key to the Exercise B1.(These question will set the doctor working towards a diagnosis, i. e. determine the cause of an illnes
