1、1专题 19 篇章结构题考纲展示 命题探究1 命题方式的特点篇章结构题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上对文章描述事件的发展、所说明事物的结构或论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推理、分析和总结的能力。2 常见的设问方式(1)How is the passage organized?(2)Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?(3)The author develops the passage mainly by_.3 篇章结构题的注意事项考生在做该题型时要学会把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写
2、作方法。英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，逻辑严密。为突出主题，作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。考法综述 该类题主要考查文章发展的脉络、各段落的层次关系以及写作手法，如举例、比较、类比等论证手法。命题法 1 段落组织方法典例 1 The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable, business, but, un
3、fortunately, fullsun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shadegrown production to fullsun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the worlds ecological balance.On a local lev
4、el, the damage of the forest required by fullsun fields affects the areas birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species (物种) that depend on the trees flowers and fruits. Fullsun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quic
5、kly dying out.2On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for fullsun coffee fields also threatens (威胁) human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain disea
6、ses. In addition, new coffeegrowing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the worlds groundwater.Both locally and globally, the continued spread of fullsun coffee plantations (种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a
7、 slight change in the worlds climate, and studies show that the loss of oxygengiving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic (酸性的) soil conditions.It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of lif
8、e, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shadegrown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.Which of the following shows the st
9、ructure of the whole text?(P：Paragraph)答案 A 篇章结构题。文章第一段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题；二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏；第五段劝说人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总分总的结构，故选 A。【解题法】 段落组织方法的解题思路(1)通读全文，把握各段大意。3(2)确定段落组织框架。总分式：总分；分总；总分总。并列式：段落之间是平行关系。对照式：一正一反。命题法 2 写作方法(论证方法)类典例 2 Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental way
10、s. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or cultures celebrations or traditions. The foods we eatand when and how we eat themare often unique to a particular culture or
11、 may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. E
12、arly forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece,
13、 people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, fami
14、lies name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving redcolored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is suc
15、h an important part of different cultures around the world.The author explains the role of food in celebrations by _.Ausing examples Bmaking comparisonsCanalyzing causes Ddescribing processes答案 A 篇章结构题。本文列举了不同文化背景下庆祝活动中的饮食文化。故选 A项。【解题法】 写作方法(论证方法)类解题思路(1)通读全文或某段，分析写作手法。(2)确定写作方法展开方式：时间顺序；空间顺序；例证关系；4
16、对比或类比关系。Passage 1 限时：6 分钟体裁：议论文 题材：科学生活类 难度：中词数：320Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes that are brought about by new P1technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.W1An example at hand is the involvement of pa
17、rents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys (调查 ) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overlyprotective even after their children move into college dormitories . The same surveys also W2indicate that the rate of parental involvement
18、 is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays parents are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.SHowever, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that W3parents are failing to le
19、t go of their “adult” children.In the context (背景) of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with P2their collegeage children frequently ， would
20、 this have been possible? W4Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasnt present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parentstodays grandparentswould have called their children more often if the means and cost of do
21、ing so had not been a barrier.Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from h
22、ome. This phenomenon is neither good W5nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left f
23、or college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and P3not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.科学的变化影响着生活的各个方面，但是科技带来的社会变化常被误认为是态度的变化。作者对此举例进行了说明。1The surveys inform us of_.5Athe development of technologyBthe changes of
24、adult childrens behaviorCthe parents overprotection of their college childrenDthe means and expenses of students communication答案 C 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“Surveys (调查) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be very or somewhat overlyprotective even after their children move into college dormito
25、ries.”可知，这些调查告知了我们父母对他们上大学的孩子保护过度。2The writer believes that_.Aparents today are more protective than those in the pastBthe disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantagesCtechnology explains greater parental involvement with their childrenDparents changed attitudes lead to college childrens
26、delayed independence答案 C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段第二句以及最后一段第二句可知，作者认为科技的发展使父母加强对他们上大学的孩子的管教。3What is the best title for the passage?ATechnology or AttitudeBDependence or IndependenceCFamily Influences or Social ChangesDCollege Management or Communication Advancement答案 A 主旨大意题。文章就“家长对孩子的管教问题与科技之间的关系”这一话题进行了讨论， “
27、科技还是态度”作文章标题最佳。4.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?6I：Introduction P：PointSp：Subpoint (次要点) C：Conclusion答案 B 篇章结构题。整篇文章讨论的是家长对孩子的管教问题与科技之间的关系。第一段提出论点；第二段用调查说明作者不认可的一个观点；第三段用“However”一词转折，说明第二、三段是不同的两个观点；第四、五两段用于支持第三段中提出的观点；最后一段作出了总结。W重 点 单 词1mistaken adj. 错误的 2.do
28、rmitory n. 宿舍3indicate v. 表明；暗示 4.frequently adv. 频繁地5phenomenon n. 现象P重 点 短 语1bring about 引起；造成2be in touch with 和有联系3bear in mind 记住S句 式 仿 写原文：This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays parents are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.(whe
29、re 引导的定语从句，先行词 point 表示抽象地点)译文：这经常被解读为一种信号，当前的父母管理自己孩子的生活超出了行为恰当的地步。仿写：The treatment will continue until the patient reaches 7the_point_where_he_can_walk correctly and safely.治疗将持续到病人能达到正确安全地行走的地步。Passage 2 限时：7 分钟体裁：说明文 题材：史地常识类 难度：中词数：291There are many places to go on safari(观赏野生动物) in Africa, but
30、 riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswanas Okavango Delta must rank as P1one of the worlds most exciting wildlife journeys.Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure, providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta. The camps have excellent horses, pro
31、fessional guides and lots of support workers. They have W1a reputation for providing a great riding experience.W2The morning ride, when the guides take you to beautiful, shallow lakes full of water lilies, tends to be more active. It is unlike any other riding experience. With rainbows forming in th
32、e splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face, it is truly exciting. You are very likely to come across large wild animals, too. On Shorseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants, giraffes and many other animals. The sense of excitement
33、and tension levels rise suddenly though, as does your heart rate, as you move closer to them.In the evening, rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace, with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink. Sedate though they are, rides at this
34、time of day are still very impressive. As the suns rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses, the romance of Africa comes to life.Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and P2wine. Looking back on your day, you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari
35、 is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.在非洲观赏野生动物的地方很多，然而最让人兴奋的旅程莫过于博茨瓦纳的奥卡万戈三角洲的马背之旅。1What does the underlined word “They” refer to?AFlooded waters. BWildlife journeys.CSafari camps. DUnique rides.答案 C 词义猜测题。第二段介绍 safari camps，第一句说明 safari camps 的基本行程，第二句说明了 safari camp
36、s 的优势，第三句中的 They 和前两句的主语内容相同，指代 safari camps。2What does the author find most exciting about a horseback safari?ASeeing and feeling the real African life.BEnjoying good food and wine at the camp.8CHunting large animals just as our ancestors did.DBeing part of the scene and getting close to animals.答案
37、 D 细节理解题。由第三段第三句可知，水花与彩虹相映成趣，溅落在身上的水花声音清脆，画面与声音让人兴奋不已。由第三段最后一句可知，和动物靠得越近越让人兴奋紧张。故 D 项正确。3What does the underlined word “Sedate” probably mean?AWild and romantic.BSlow and peaceful.CHungry and thirsty. DActive and excited.答案 B 词义猜测题。由第四段第一句可知，夜晚的马背之旅令人放松、不匆忙，只有 B 项“缓慢的；宁静的”与此处基调相同，故 B 项符合题意。4.The aut
38、hor introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by _.Afollowing space order Bfollowing time orderCmaking classifications Dgiving examples答案 B 篇章结构题。由第三段中的“The morning ride”，第四段中的“In the evening”以及最后一段中的“Back at the camp”可知，对奥卡万戈三角洲的旅行介绍是按照时间顺序进行的。W重 点 单 词1professional adj. 职业的；专业的2
39、reputation n. 名声；声望；名誉P重 点 短 语1rank as 列为；排名为2kick off 踢开S句 式 仿 写原文：With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face, it is truly exciting.(with 复合结构)译文：伴随着在身边溅起的水中形成的彩虹和大的水滴从你的身上和脸上落下的声音，这真的太令人兴奋了。仿写：With_nothing_left in th
40、e cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.家里橱柜里没有吃的了，她出去买些吃的。Passage 3 限时：6 分钟9体裁：说明文 题材：生态环境类 难度：易词数：271The African elephant, the largest land animal remaining on earth, is of great importance to African ecosystem (生态系统). Unlike other animals, the P1African elephant is to a great extent the
41、builder of its environment. As a P2big planteater, it largely shapes the forestandsavanna (稀树草原) surroundings in which it lives, therefore setting_the_terms of existence for W1millions of other animals that live in its habitat (栖息地)It is the elephants great desire for food that makes it a disturber
42、of W2the environment and an important builder of its habitat. In its continuous Ssearch for the 300 pounds of plants it must have every day, it kills small trees and underbushes, and pulls branches off big trees. This results in P3numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlan
43、ds that W3cover part of the African savannas. In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant eaters.Take the rain forests for example. In their natural state, the spreading branches overhead shut out sunlight and prevent the growth of plant
44、s on the forest floor. By pulling down trees and eating plants, elephants make open spaces, allowing new plants to grow on the forest floor. In such situations ，the forests become suitable for large hoofed plant eaters to move W4around and for small plant eaters to get their food as well.What worrie
45、s scientists now is that the African elephant has become an endangered species. If the elephant disappears, scientists say, many other animals will also disappear from vast areas of forest and savanna, greatly W5changing and worsening the whole ecosystem.本文主要讲述的是在非洲草原的生物链中大象的重要作用，它不断的寻找食物拓宽了其他动物的生存空
46、间等。1What is the passage mainly about?ADisappearance of African elephants.BForests and savannas as habitats for African elephants.CThe effect of African elephants search for food.DThe eating habit of African elephants.答案 C 主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的就是在非洲草原的生物链中大象的重要作用，它不断的寻找食物拓宽了其他动物的生存空间等。故 C 正确。2What does the u
47、nderlined phrase “setting the terms” most probably mean?AFixing the time. BWorsening the state.CImproving the quality. DDeciding the conditions.答案 D 词义猜测题。根据文章“As a big plant eater, it largely shapes the forestandsavanna(稀树草原) surroundings in which it lives, therefore setting 10the terms of existenc
48、e for millions of other animals that live in its habitat.”说明非洲大象塑造了草原的环境，也决定了其他动物的生存条件。故 D 项正确。3What do we know about the open spaces in the passage?AThey result from the destruction of rain forests.BThey provide food mainly for African elephants.CThey are home to many endangered animals.DThey are attractive to planteating animals of different kinds.答案 D 细节理解题。根据文章“This results in numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas. In these open spa
