1、1专题 18 主旨大意题考纲展示 命题探究1 命题方式的特点主旨大意题在阅读理解试题中所占比例及难度都相当大。主旨大意是作者在文章中要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心，是作者在文章中努力通过各种细节信息来阐明的中心话题。把握主旨大意对正确理解全文具有重要意义。主旨大意题旨在考查考生对文章主旨大意的理解和概括能力。考题中往往出现下列词语：subject，topic，theme，title，main idea 等。主旨大意题的设问特点可以大致归纳为以下两个：(1)就全文或某段的中心思想或主题提问。(2)就文章的标题提问。2 主旨大意类题目常见的设问方式(1)The main idea/purpose/
2、The general idea/The key point/The central thought of the passage is_.(2)The best title/headline for this passage is_.(3)The topic/subject discussed in this passage is_.(4)The passage is mainly about/deals mainly with/is primarily concerned with_.(5)From the passage we can learn/conclude that_.(6)Wh
3、ats the main idea of the first/second/last paragraph?(7)Which of the following statements is the best title of this passage?(8)Which sentence best states the theme of the passage?(9)The writers purpose in writing this story is_.(10)The passage discussed.in order to_.3 选项特点(1)正确选项的特点通常不含细节信息和表示绝对意义的词
4、。能概括文章或段落的主要内容。(2)干扰项的特点以偏概全。概括的范围过于狭窄，只阐述了文章的一部分内容(也就是文章的局部信2息)或文章主题的一个侧面。断章取义。以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。主题扩大。归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。似是而非。关键词好像在文章中提到了，但认真分析之后会发现它与文章的内容毫无联系。张冠李戴。命题者有意把属于 A 的特征放在 B 上。4 解题时的注意事项做这类题时常用略读法。略读法是抓段落要点的捷径。找出各个段落的主题句，然后把它们联系起来就很容易概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精练的表
5、达，标题要能概括文章的主题，范围既不能过大也不能太片面。此外，在选择文章标题时，还应注意语言方面的特点：精练、醒目、含义深刻等。做题时要注意以下步骤：(1)先看问题，看题目是否和主旨、标题相关。(2)略读各个段落，找出主题句，要特别注意首尾两段。(3)联系主题句，概括主旨或标题。考法综述 主旨大意题是对整篇文章理解的考查，要领会中心思想，会查找主题句，能判断文章的标题。命题法 1 归纳标题典例 1 Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time wh
6、ile looking for a house for me and our children.During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone.He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.He repor
7、ted the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pr
8、onounce my husbands name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can (垃圾桶) that had been left out on the footpath.My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents.Their young daughter had gone to the
9、 trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers.Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although 3they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents.At last they had seen a halfwritten letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.That family
10、 not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?AFrom India to AustraliaBLiving in a New CountryCTurning Trash to
11、 TreasureDIn Search of New Friends答案 C 主旨大意题。本文讲述了一户善良的人家在垃圾桶内发现了 Rashid 被盗的重要文件并归还给他。故 C 项标题“变废为宝”符合文章主旨。【解题法】 归纳标题的解题思路(1)要想成功解题，首先要了解标题的基本特点：浓缩性强，多为一个短语；涵盖面广，一般要求能覆盖全文；精确度高，不能随意改变文章的内容方向及要点信息。(2)选定标题的基本原则要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所给选项与文章主题是否有密切的联系。看它对文章的概括是否准确，覆盖面是否够广。注意避免下列三种错误：a概括不够(多表现为以部分代替整体，从而导致范围太小)；
12、b过度概括(多表现为人为地扩大范围)；c以具体细节代替主旨大意。(3)选定标题的四大标准精概括文章中心思想的语言要精练。准注意文章的内涵和外延，作者的观点表达得要准确。统标题要能统领文章的细节信息。新标题要新颖，对读者有吸引力，能激发读者的阅读兴趣。命题法 2 概括文章大意典例 2 In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old jo
13、ke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, “No, thanks. Ive got a good horse under me.”The city planners decided to build an underground drainage (排水) system, but there simply wasnt enough di
14、fference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised 4the
15、level of the citys streets by as much as 12 feet.This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main f
16、loors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small woodframe buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel, which was a sixstory brick building?Thats where George Pullman came in. He had developed some housemoving skills
17、successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews beneath the buildings foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullmans signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereb
18、y raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stayed open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didnt even notice anything was happening.Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicagos early history, every engineering solution see
19、med to create a new problem. Now that Chicagos waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the citys next step was to clean the polluted river.The passage is mainly about early Chicagos _.Apopular lifestyles and their influencesBenvironmental disasters and their causesCengineering p
20、roblems and their solutionsDsuccessful businessmen and their achievements答案 C 主旨大意题。根据整篇文章可知，本文主要讲的是芝加哥早期(关于城市规则)的工程问题以及解决方案。【解题法】 概括文章大意的解题思路(1)每篇文章都会有一个中心，获取文章中心思想的有效方法就是辨认主题句。(2)主题句具有简洁、概括性强等特点，起着统领全文的作用，文中的所有事实、细节都是为主题句服务的。主题句常出现在文章的首段或结尾段。因此，在阅读中，我们要特别注意文章的首段和结尾段。(3)有的文章没有主题句，中心思想隐含在文章中，比如故事类文章
21、，这需要我们对文章的事实细节进行分析、归纳和推断，从而概括出文章大意。命题法 3 总结段落大意典例 3 Last summer, two nineteenthcentury cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana, to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco. The houses were made of wood. These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montan
22、a soil; now they hold Twitter engineers. 5The cottages could be an example of the industrys odd love affair with “low technology， ” a concept associated with the natural world, and with oldschool craftsmanship (手艺) that exists long before the Internet era. Low technology is not virtual (虚拟的)so, to t
23、ake advantage of it, Internet companies have had to get creative. The rescued wood cottages, fitted by hand in the late eighteenhundreds, are an obvious example, but Twitters designs lie on the extreme end. Other companies are using a broader interpretation (阐释) of low technology that focuses on nat
24、ure.Amazon is building three glass spheres filled with trees, so that employees can “work and socialize in a more natural, parklike setting.”At Googles office, an entire floor is carpeted in grass. Facebooks second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a walking trail. Olle Lundberg, the f
25、ounder of Lundberg Design, has worked with many tech companies over the years. “We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives, and our tech engineers are the ones who feel most impoverished (贫乏的), because theyre surrounded by the digital world， ” he says.“Theyre looking for a way to regain t
26、heir individual identity, and weve found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that.”This craftbased theory is rooted in history. William Morris, the English artist and writer, turned back to preindustrial arts in the eighteensixties, just after the Industrial Revolution. The Arts and Crafts
27、 movement defined itself against machines. “Without creative human occupation, people became disconnected from life， ” Morris said.Research has shown that natural environments can restore (恢复) our mental capacities. In Japan, patients are encouraged to “forestbathe， ” taking walks through woods to l
28、ower their blood pressure.These health benefits apply to the workplace as well. Rachel Kaplan, a professor of environmental psychology, has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural environments. Her research found that workers with access to nature at the officeeven simple views of
29、 trees and flowersfelt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying. If lowtech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health of employees then, fine, bring on the cottages.The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that human beings_.Ahave destroyed many preindustrial artsBhav
30、e a tradition of valuing arts and craftsCcan become intelligent by learning historyDcan regain their individual identity by using machines答案 B 主旨大意题。第五段第一句为本段主题句，即“手工艺为基础的理论深深6扎根于历史的长河中” 。后文以英国艺术家及作家 Morris 为例，讲述他重视手工艺。他的话也表明了人类有重视手工艺的传统。【解题法】 总结段落大意的解题思路(1)每个段落通常都有一个中心，段落主题句通常会出现在段落的首句或尾句，有时也会在中间。(
31、2)在阅读中应尽量利用有关信息确定主题句的位置。一般说来，采用归纳法写的段落主题句出现在段尾；采用演绎法写的段落主题句出现在段首；若文章按照“特殊一般特殊”的方式来写，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。(3)有时，文章中没有出现主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。Passage 1 限时：6 分钟体裁：记叙文 题材：社会生活类 难度：中词数：264At thirteen, I was diagnosed (诊断) with a kind of attention disorder. W1It made school difficult for me. When everyone else
32、in the class was focusing on tasks, I could not.In my first literature class, Mrs Smith asked us to read a story and then W2write on it, all within 45 minutes. I raised my hand right away and said, “Mrs Smith, you see, the doctor said I have attention problems. I might not be able to do it.”She glan
33、ced down at me through her glasses, “You are no different from P1your classmates, young man.”I tried, but I didnt finish the reading when the bell rang. I had to take it home.In the quietness of my bedroom, the story suddenly all became clear to me. It was about a blind person, Louis Braille. He liv
34、ed in a time when the blind couldnt get much education. But Louis didnt give up. Instead, he invented a W3reading system of raised dots (点), which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.SWasnt I the “blind” in my class, being made to learn like the “sighted” students? My thoughts spil
35、led out and my pen started to dance. I P2completed the task within 40 minutes. Indeed ， I was no different from others; W4I just needed a quieter place. If Louis could find his way out of his problems, why should I ever give up?I didnt expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs Smith, so it P3
36、was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next daywith an “A” on it. At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？”作者讲述了自己克服阅读障碍，发现了一个新的自己的经历。71The author didnt finish the reading in class because _.Ahe was new to the classBhe was tired of literatureCh
37、e had an attention disorderDhe wanted to take the task home答案 C 细节理解题。第一段作者就谈到他有注意力障碍，第二段的尾句说明作者认为自己的身体状况使他不能完成老师布置的任务。2What do we know about Louis Braille from the passage?AHe had good sight.BHe made a great invention.CHe gave up reading.DHe learned a lot from school.答案 B 细节理解题。依据第五段的“he invented a
38、 reading system of raised dots(点)”可知，Louis Braille 为盲人发明了一种非常有用的阅读体系。3What was Mrs Smiths attitude to the author at the end of the story?AAngry. BImpatient.CSympathetic. DEncouraging.答案 D 细节理解题。文章尾段作者的老师 Mrs Smith 写道“See what you can do when you keep trying？”说明了这位老师对作者的肯定，她在鼓励作者继续努力。4.What is the ma
39、in idea of the passage?AThe disabled should be treated with respect.BA teacher can open up a new world to students.COne can find his way out of difficulties with efforts.DEveryone needs a hand when faced with challenges.答案 C 主旨大意题。作者在文中讲述了自己经过努力，终于完成了任务的经历。由这件事可以看出，只要努力克服困难就能够成功。W重 点 单 词1attention n
40、. 注意，注意力2literature n. 文学3invent v. 发明，创造4indeed adv. 事实上，真正地，的确P重 点 短 语1glance at 匆匆一瞥2spill out 溢出，洒出3hand in 上交S句 式 仿 写8原文：Instead, he invented a reading system of raised dots, which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.(非限制性定语从句)译文：相反地，他发明了一种凸点阅读系统，这给盲人开创了一个完全崭新的知识世界。仿写：Last Sun
41、day they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held.他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。Passage 2 限时：6 分钟体裁：说明文 题材：食物文化类 难度：难词数：289Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing P1 W1bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and W2trust. Food can also
42、have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in P2a family or cultures celebrations or traditions. The foods we eatand when W3and how we eat themare often unique to a particular culture or may even W4differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread, whether during
43、a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also W5 Scelebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of s
44、haring bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示)
45、success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving redcolored eggs to guests.
46、 In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.在特殊的场合提供食物有着不同的含义，本文介绍了不同的食物文化。1Accordi
47、ng to the passage, sharing bread _.Aindicates a lack of foodBcan help to develop unityCis a custom unique to rural areasDhas its roots in birthday celebrations答案 B 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Sharing bread or other foods is a 9common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.”一句可知，分享面包可以促进团结及信任。2What does t
48、he coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year?ATrust. BSuccess.CHealth. DTogetherness.答案 B 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“A coin is put into the cake, which signifies success in the New Year for the person who receives it.”可知答案。3The author explains the role of food in celebrations by _.Ausing examples Bmaking comparisonsCanalyzing causes Ddescribing processes答案 A 细节理解题。文章二、三、四段说明了在庆祝活动中分享食物的不同文化，作者使用的是举例的写作手法。4.What is the passage mainly about?AThe custom of sharing food.BThe specific meaning of food.CThe role o
