1、1专题 10 定语从句考纲展示 命题探究考 点 一 关 系 代 词 引 导 的 定 语 从 句基础点关系代词的基本用法(1)which的用法which用于指物或替代整个句子，在从句中可作主语或宾语。She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to communicate freely with each other.在为学生营造自由交流的氛围这方面，她很有天赋。(2)that的用法that既可指人又可指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时常可省略。that 指人时常可与 who或 w
2、hom互换，指物时常可与 which互换。She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。(3)who, whom的用法who或 whom均可指代人，但 who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom 在从句中作宾语；两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用 that替换。作主语时，who/that 不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。Ive become good friends with several of
3、 the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。(4)whose的用法whose表所属关系，既可指人也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于 of which；指人时相当于 of whom。The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the 2holidays.这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生，放假时商店关门。(5)as的用法as
4、作关系代词既可指人也可指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句时，一般用于 such.as., the same.as., as.as.结构中。另外，as 也可引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个句子。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。“You cant judge a book by its cover， ” as the old saying goes.正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相。 ”重难点1 限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用 that不用 which的情况
5、(1)先行词为不定代词 all, anything, nothing, something, everything, nothing, none, the one等或被不定代词修饰时。I refuse to accept the blame for something_that was someone elses fault.我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。(2)当先行词被 the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all等词修饰时。This is the_very person that Im waiting for.这正是我在等的那个人。(
6、3)当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。This is the_most_interesting film that Ive ever seen.这是我看过的最有趣的电影。(4)当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。What is the_first American film that you have seen?你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？(5)当先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the_things_and_persons_that they are talking about?你知道他们在谈论什么人和什么事情吗？2 当先行词指物时，定语从句中关系代
7、词必须用 which的情况(1)在非限制性定语从句中，只用 which，不用 that。Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which,_of course, made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子都要好，这当然让他们对他很嫉妒。(2)当定语从句中的介词提前时，只用 which, 不用 that。This is the school in_which I once studied.这是我曾经读过书的学校。3 关系代词 which与 as的区别(1)as引导的非限制
8、性定语从句在句中的位置比较灵活，可以放在句首、句中和句末；而 which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在先行词的后面。3As we know, China is famous for its Four Great Inventions./China, as we know, is famous for its Four Great Inventions./China is famous for its Four Great Inventions, as we know.众所周知，中国因四大发明而闻名。It was raining heavily, which kept us indoors.雨下
9、得很大，我们出不了门了。(2)as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态。如 as is known, as was said, as is reported等。如果从句中的行为动词是主动语态，一般用 which作主语。She has been absent again, as is expected.她又缺席了，这在预料之中。Tom has made great progress, which makes me very happy.汤姆取得了很大进步，这使我很高兴。特别提醒as常用在下列习惯用语中：as everybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样as we had ex
10、pected正如我们所预料的那样as often happens正如经常发生的那样as has been said before正如以前所说的那样as is mentioned above正如上面提到的as is often the case情况往往是这样(3)在限制性定语从句中当先行词被 the same, such修饰时，其后的定语从句用 as来引导而不用 which，关系代词 as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。I never heard such stories as he told.我从未听过他讲的这类故事。(as 作宾语)He is not the_same man as he was
11、.他和过去不同了。(as 作表语)考法综述 定语从句关系代词的基本用法，尤其是关系代词 that, which, who, whose在语篇语法填空和短文改错中常会涉及，近五年考查了 32次，可见其重要性。命题法 考查限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法典例 1 Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _ are pictured by artists in so many Chin
12、ese paintings.答案 that/which 句意：我曾与桂林擦身而过，那是游客尽览石灰岩群峰和漓江绿水的梦幻之境，是被中国艺术家在很多绘画作品中描绘的地方。设空处引导定语从句修饰先行词 the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River，且引导词在从句中作主语，故填关系代词 that或 which。典例 2 China Today attracts a worldwide readership, that shows that more 4and more people all over the world wan
13、t to learn about China._答案 第一个 thatwhich 此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个句子，故用which。【解题法】 考查关系代词时的必备知识和一般解题思路(1)首先要了解关系代词的基本用法；who, whom, that先行词为人；that, which先行词为物；whose 先行词既可以是人，也可以是物。(2)在语法填空中，考查关系代词是不给提示词的，首先判断先行词是人还是物；其次，确定先行词在定语从句中所作的成分；最后判断是限制性还是非限制性定语从句，最终确定先行词。(3)在短文改错中，除了考查关系代词的基本用法外，还会涉及到 that与 which的区
14、别，as 与 which的区别，主要考查关系代词的错用。A单句填空1Or perhaps you are the only one _ is interested in listening to the ballgame.答案 who/that 分析句子结构知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词 one, 指人且在从句中作主语，故填 who/that。2English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _ uses it differently.答案 which 句意：英语是一种被好几种不同的文化都使用的语言，而且每一
15、种文化使用它的方式也不同。设空处前后两部分之间既没有并列连词也没有从属连词，故后面部分应为定语从句，又因为先行词是 cultures，且关系词在定语从句中作介词 of的宾语，所以填 which。3A company _ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.答案 whose 句意：从国内市场得到的利润正在下降的公司可以去国外寻找机会。本题考查定语从句。先行词为 company，将先行词代入定语从句后为：The companys profits from home markets are dec
16、lining.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作定语，故填whose。4Well reach the sales targets in a month _ we set at the beginning of the year.答案 which/that 句意：一个月以后我们将会达到年初所定的销售目标。在本句中，先行词是 the sales targets，关系代词在定语从句中作 set的宾语，所以填关系代词which/that。5The Greens stayed in Beijing for a week, during _ they visited places of interest her
17、e guided by me.答案 which 先行词为 a week，表示时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语，故用5during which引导定语从句。during which 相当于 when。6Ellen was a painter of birds and nature, _， for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.答案 who 先行词是 a painter，从句中缺少主语，故用 who在此引导定语从句。7Take a couple breaths and think of something _ gives you
18、pleasure: a beautiful scene in nature, or someone you love.答案 that 句意：深呼吸几次，然后想一想给你带来快乐的东西。该定语从句中缺主语，先行词为不定代词 something。故填 that。8Florence in Italy, _ beauty is beyond description, is the city that I have been dreaming of visiting.答案 whose 句意：意大利的佛罗伦萨市的美丽是用言语难以描述的，它是我一直梦想去旅游的城市。本空需要关系代词引导定语从句并在从句中作定语
19、，因此填 whose。9Nelson Mandelas death may, in the short term, unite South Africa in ways _ have never been seen before.答案 that/which 从语境看，本空需要关系代词引导定语从句修饰 ways，并在从句中作主语，表示“以前从来没有人见过的方式” ，因此这里用 that/which引导定语从句。B单句改错1It is a truly delightful place, as looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago wit
20、h its winding streets and pretty cottages._答案 第一个 aswhich 先行词是 place，非限制性定语从句中缺主语，as 往往有“正如，就像”的意思，不符合句意。2The number of smokers, which is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year._答案 whichas 根据分析，此处指代的是整个句子，表示“如同，正如” ，故用as。3The books on the desk, which covers are shiny, are prizes for us
21、._答案 whichwhose 先行词为 the books，与 covers是所属关系，故用 whose。4Please send us all the information which you have about the candidate for the position._答案 whichthat 先行词 the information前有 all修饰，故用 that。5Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, that is quite unexpected._答案 thatwhich 此处指代前
22、面整个句子，且为非限制性定语从句，故用6which。6The whole city, 75% of its factories and buildings were gone, lay in ruins._答案 itswhose 此处为定语从句，先行词 city与 factories and buildings为所属关系，故用 whose。7There are two lakes, that cover nearly one thousand square kilometers._答案 thatwhich 先行词 two lakes在定语从句中作主语，且为非限制性定语从句，故用 which。8
23、John once talked to his mom about the people and cities which he had visited abroad._答案 whichthat 先行词为 people and cities，既有人又有物，故用 that。9.Those which were trapped under the ruins finally got rescued._答案 whichwho 先行词 those指代人，且作主语，故用 who。10It was often the case, Miss Wang was the first to arrive at t
24、he school in the morning._答案 ItAs 分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，as was often the case，表示“这是常有的事” ，故用 as。考 点 二 关 系 副 词 引 导 的 定 语 从 句基础点关系副词的基本用法 (1)when的用法when表时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/during.which”结构。Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, when/during_which the audience can buy icecream.在音乐会中间有
25、个休息时间，在此期间观众可以购买冰淇淋。(2)where的用法where 表地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词 in/at/on.which” 。A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.银行是在天晴之时借伞给你，到了下雨时就催你还回去的地方。(限制性定语从句)7当先行词为 situation, case, stage, point等抽象名词，且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时，常用关系副词 w
26、here引导。Its helpful to put children in a situation_where they can see themselves differently.把孩子置于一个能使他们从不同的角度认识自己的环境对他们有益。(3)why的用法why表原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词 forwhich”结构。Do you know the reason why/for_which he didnt attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？特别提醒非限制性定语从句中，常用 for which表原因而不用 why。I had told them
27、 the reason, for_which I didnt attend the meeting.我把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。重难点先行词相同，关系词不同的情况先行词是表示时间或地点等的名词时，虽然先行词一样，但是因为关系词在从句中所作的成分不同，所用关系词也不同。具体分为以下几点：(1)先行词是表示时间的名词时，若关系词在从句中作时间状语，则用 when；若作主语、宾语等，则用 that或 which。试比较：The date that Ill always remember is Oct. 28, 1968.我会一直记得的日子是 1968年 10月 28日。The date w
28、hen I was born is Oct. 28, 1968.我出生的日子是 1968年 10月 28日。(2)先行词是表示地点的名词时，若关系词在从句中作地点状语，则用 where；若作主语、宾语等，则用 that或 which。试比较：This is the place which we visited last week.这是我们上周参观的那个地方。(关系词在从句中作宾语)This is the place where we went last week.这是我们上周去的那个地方。(关系词在从句中作状语)(3)先行词是表示原因的名词 reason时，若关系词在从句中作原因状语，则用 w
29、hy；若作主语、宾语等，则用 that或 which。试比较：The reason that he told me for his being late is that he got up late.他告诉我他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。The reason why he was late is that he got up late.他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。(4)先行词是 way时，若引导词在从句中充当方式状语，引导词用 in which，that 或省略；若其在从句中充当主语或宾语等成分，引导词用 that或 which。试比较It must be the way (that/in_whic
30、h) you write that leads to your ugly handwriting.8一定是你写字的方式导致了你难看的书写。The way that/which you came up with at the meeting yesterday is well worth trying.你在昨天的会议上提出的方法很值得一试。(5)先行词是 time时，如果 time作“次数”讲，应当用关系代词 that来引导定语从句；time 作“一段时间”讲时，若关系词在从句中作状语，则用关系副词 when或at/in/during which；若关系词在从句中作主语、宾语等，则用 that/
31、which。This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。There was a time when/during_which there were no radios and no TV sets.曾经有一段时间既没有录音机也没有电视机。考法综述 关系副词的基本用法，在语篇型语法填空和短文改错中常会涉及，近五年考了 14次。命题法 同一类先行词，关系代词 that、which 和关系副词 when、where、why 的区别典例 1 As the smallest chi
32、ld of his family, Alex is always longing for the time _ he should be able to be independent.答案 when 句意：作为家里(年龄)最小的一个孩子，Alex 一直渴望着他能够有独立的时间。根据句子结构来判断，此句中 the time后面是一个定语从句，且空处在从句中作状语，表示时间，所以要用关系副词 when。典例 2 The exact year when Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008._答案 whenthat/which
33、或去掉 when year 虽然是表时间的先行词，但作 spent的宾语，故用 that/which或者省略。【解题法】 关系代词 that/which和关系副词 when/where/why的必备知识和一般解题思路(1)首先要了解关系代词 that/which和关系副词 when/where/why的基本用法：当先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的词时，分析先行词在定语从句中所作成分，来判断用关系代词还是关系副词。(2)在语法填空中，考查关系副词是不给提示词的，先观察空格前的先行词，然后判断先行词在定语从句中作状语，从而选择相应的关系副词。(3)在短文改错中，经常涉及相同先行词关系代词 that/
34、which与关系副词when/where/why错用，因此，分析句子成分很重要。A单句填空1Opposite is St. Pauls Church, _ you can hear some lovely music.9答案 where 句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在那里你能听到一些美妙的音乐。分析句子结构可知， “_you can hear some lovely music”是非限制性定语从句，where替代先行词 St. Pauls Church在定语从句中作地点状语。2The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmospher
35、e _ his employees enjoy their work.答案 where 句意：该公司的老板在努力营造一种轻松的氛围，在这种氛围中，他的员工们可以享受工作的乐趣。先行词为 atmosphere，将先行词代入定语从句后为：His employees enjoy their work in the easy atmosphere.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故答案为 where。3The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work _ a good impression i
36、s a must.答案 where 句意：这本书对我的日常交流很有帮助，尤其是在工作单位。在那里必须给人留下良好的印象。at work(在工作单位)表地点，故用 where引导定语从句并在从句中作地点状语。4I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade, _ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.答案 when 句意：我直到五年级才真正成为一个攀登者，那时，我爬到树上去拿一个被挂在树枝上的风筝。在本句中，先行词为 the fifth
37、grade，设空处在定语从句中作时间状语，故填 when。5Students should involve themselves in community activities _ they can gain experience for growth.答案 where 句意：学生应该参加社区活动，他们从中能获得成长经验。将先行词community activities代入定语从句后为：They can gain experience for growth from community activities.由此可知关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填 where。6When did you fir
38、st read Mo Yans stories?In 2005_I was attending high school.答案 when 句意：你第一次读莫言的故事是什么时候？2005 年我上高中的时候。先行词 2005，在定语从句中作状语，故用 when。7High school is a good time_we learn to give serious thought to our future.答案 when 句意：高中时代是一个美好的时代，在这个时代我们应该学会认真地思考我们的未来。分析句子结构可知 a good time为先行词，time 意为“时代” ，后面的定语从句中缺少时间状
39、语，故用关系副词 when。8Dad decided to build a small tool room with a lock，_he would keep his best tools so my brother couldnt reach them.答案 where 句意：父亲决定建一间带锁的工具间来放他最好的工具，这样我弟弟就够不到它们了。此处考查定语从句，先行词是 a small tool room，在从句中充当地点状语，所以用关系副词 where。9How do you understand life?10It is a constant match_the greatest o
40、pponent is yourself.答案 where 句意：你如何理解生活？它是一场没有尽头的比赛，在这个比赛中最大的对手是你自己。根据句子结构可知， 这是一个定语从句，先行词是 a constant match, match为抽象地点的名词，空处在定语从句中充当地点状语，故用关系副词 where。10American students take part in a wide variety of afterschool activities_they develop their social skills.答案 where 句意：美国学生参加广泛的课后活动，在活动中他们培养他们的社会技能
41、。先行词为 activities，为抽象地点的名词，在定语从句中作状语，故用 where。B单句改错1When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house which I would be staying._答案 whichwhere 先行词是 the house，在定语从句中作状语且表地点，故用where。2When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market that people from the towns met r
42、egularly._答案 thatwhere 先行词是 market，在定语从句中作状语且表地点，故用where。3I am looking forward to the day that my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her._答案 thatwhen 先行词是 day，在定语从句中作状语且表时间，故用 when。4Many countries are now setting up national parks which animals and plants can be protected._答案 which
43、where 先行词是 parks，在定语从句中作状语且表地点，故用where。5The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform that visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built._答案 thatwhere 先行词是 platform，在定语从句中作状语且表地点，故用where。6This is the hospital that her sister had an operation._答案 thatwhere 先行词是 hospital，在定语从句中作状语且表地点，故用where。7Can you think of some cases that drivers obviously knew the traffic rules but didnt obey them?
