1、Learning a LanguageText A: A Language Teachers Personal OpinionMovie: Shakespeare In Love导演：约翰麦登 演员：约瑟夫费因斯 / 格温妮斯 帕特洛上映时间：1998年12月11日伊丽莎白一世时期的英国，处处有风花雪月的娱乐活动，然而莎士比亚此时却陷入了创作的枯竭期。他笔下的罗密欧与海盗之女阿丝因此搁浅。薇拉夫人的出现可谓一石激起千层浪。她酷爱话剧，不顾女人不能登台的世俗观念，不惜男扮女装前来参演莎士比亚的戏剧。莎士比亚洞悉了薇拉夫人的秘密。他从她身上强烈感受到创作的灵感，闻出爱情来到的味道。二人共坠爱海。他
2、笔下开始有了罗密欧与茱丽叶熠熠生辉的故事。好景不长，薇拉要嫁入一个贵族人家。莎士比亚的创作如有神助，感情却陷入无望。但他还在努力用笔，用真情，去改写这一切。What do you know about Shakespeare?William Shakespeare 莎翁 (1564-1616)Original name: Edward De Vere (爱德华德维尔 )Playwright, PoetShakespeare is considered the greatest playwright who ever lived. He was born in Stratford-upon-Av
3、on (埃文河畔斯特拉特福德 ). While the actual date of his birth is not known, it is traditionally celebrated on April 23rd. Shakespeare left Stratford sometime between 1585 and 1592, and joined a company of actors as a performer and playwright. In 1594 Shakespeare became an actor and playwright for a theater t
4、roupe (剧团).Until the end of his London career Shakespeare remained with the company; as an actor he played old mens roles, such as the ghost in Hamlet and Old Adam in As You Like It. In 1599 he became a partner in the ownership of the Globe Theatre (环形剧院), and in 1608 he was part owner of the Blackf
5、riars Theatre (黑衣修士剧院 ).Shakespeare retired and returned to Stratford in his late years. He undoubtedly enjoyed a comfortable living throughout his career and in retirement, although he was never a wealthy man.Shakespeares famous works1. Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶2. A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之梦3. Th
6、e Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 4. Hamlet 哈姆雷特 5. Othello 奥赛罗 6. King Lear 李尔王7. Macbeth 麦克白 8. As You Like It 皆大欢喜9. Twelfth Night 第十二夜Recommend:在中国翻译莎士比亚的作品最具代表性的人物当属两人：一位是朱生豪，一位是梁实秋。朱生豪从1937 年开始翻译莎士比亚作品，至 1944年先后译有喜剧、悲剧、杂剧等 31种，可惜他英年早逝，有六个历史剧和全部诗歌没有来得及翻译。梁实秋1930年开始着手翻译莎士比亚的戏剧，从1936 年商务印书馆首次出版他译的莎士比亚戏剧
7、8种，至1967 年最终完成莎士比亚全集的翻译并出版，共历时37年。梁实秋是中国独自一人翻译莎士比亚全集的第一人。Quotes:1. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832):He was a German polymath. Goethes works span the fields of poetry, drama, literature, theology, humanism, science, and painting. Goethe was one of the best known writers of plays and books of al
8、l time, known especially for his play Faust (浮士德).2. Walt Whitman (1819-1892):A US writer known for his poetry about the beauty of nature and the value of freedom. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential US poets, and his best-known work is Leaves of Grass (草叶集).语言，并不是仅仅由博学者和字典编辑者
9、所构建的一种抽象的概念，它是从人类长久以来的工作、需求、人际关系、幸福和情感以及品味中提炼出来的东西，它有着贴近大众的广泛基础。- 沃尔特 惠特曼He alone is poor who does not possess knowledge.没有知识，才是贫穷。Seeing much, suffering much, and studying much are the three pillars of learning.见识多、遭难重、钻研深是学识的三大要素。The more we study, the more we discover our ignorance. 学得越多，就越发觉自己无知
10、。Activity is the only road to knowledge. George Bernard Shaw, British dramatist行动是通往知识的唯一道路。 英国剧作家 G. 肖伯纳Hold what you really know and tell what you do not know; this will lead to knowledge. Confucius知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。 孔子Global Reading of Text ADirections: Text A has six paragraphs (1-6). Choose the m
11、ost suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. A) A good method that suits all students does not existB) The behaviorist approach C) Two false attitudes toward English learningD) The role of fellow studentsE) Advertisements often give the false impressionF) The role of inte
12、restGlobal Reading of Text APara. 1Advertisements often give the false impression that learning English is easy and does not need much effort.Para. 2 There is no such thing as a good method that suits all students in every situation.Para. 3 People used to believe that the only way to learn a languag
13、e was to spend a lot of time in a country where it was spoken. The other extreme is that some think that they can learn a foreign language at home relying solely on dictionaries.Para. 4Teaching methods based on the behaviorist theory may not work, as human beings are not parrots or chimpanzees.Para.
14、 5 Interest is the key to learning a language, which is a means of communication.Para. 6 To learn a language well, it is important that we have other people to talk to and listen to.Directions: The following sentences are quoted from text A. Rearrange them into a logical order.1. No doubt this is tr
15、ue to a certain extent, but it is not very helpful to students.2. But it is difficult for anyone to explain in simple language why one method is better than another, and it is no use pretending that anyone has discovered a perfect way of teaching English in every possible situation. 3. It is natural
16、 for students to be attracted to methods that will teach them as quickly and efficiently and cheaply as possible. 4. Some experts even argue that there are as many good methods of teaching a language as there are good teachers, because every teacher is an individual with his own personality.1. Accor
17、ding to Will Pidcroft, the writer of this text, can English be mastered within a very short period of time?No, Will Pidcroft doesnt think that English can be mastered within a short period of time.2. What is the belief held by behaviorists in terms of language learning?Behaviorists believe that lang
18、uage learning is a kind of habit formation. So they are fond of making students repeat phrases and do exercises where they continually have to change one word in a sentence.3. What does Pidcroft say about ones interest in language learning?Pidcroft thinks that interest is a very important factor in
19、language learning.4. What distinguishes human beings from parrots and chimpanzees according to Pidcroft?Parrots and chimpanzees make noises that are meaningless while the speech sounds human beings make are meaningful and they can relate them to their own lives. In other words, human beings use lang
20、uage to communicate.Detailed Reading - Text A Para.1Personal / Personnel 个人的,私人的/员工,人事部门Advertisement n. ada picture, short film, song, etc. which tries to persuade people to buy a product or servicee.g.: The organizers of the concert put a full page advertisement in The New York Times.Collocation 词
21、语搭配 : answer an advertisement 应广告之聘put an advertisement in/on 在做广告run an advertisement 做广告buy things from/in ads 购买广告上宣传的商品Claim n. v. state that sth. is true, even though it has not been provede.g.: The company claims that their product “makes you thin without dieting”.e.g.: Her claim to the owners
22、hip of the land was finally recognized by the court.她对这块土地产权提出的要求最终得到法庭的认可。e.g.: 战斗结束后, 双方均宣称获胜。 After the battle both sides claimed victory.Synonym 同义词 : require, demandAntonym 反义词 : disclaim 放弃权利; 否认on ones part of or by someone 在某人方面,就某人而言e.g.: It was an error on my part; I do feel sorry about th
23、at.e.g.: Is there any objection on her part? 她那边有反对意见吗 ？There is often a reference to William Shakespeare or Charles Dickens to encourage him even more.Why do those advertisements also refer to famous writers like William Shakespeare or Charles Dickens?The advertisers intend to use the two British w
24、riters to encourage students to join them in learning English so that they will be able to enjoy works by these great writers in the original.Reference n. 1. a mention of sth.make a reference to = refer to = mentione.g.: His recent book makes references to the issue of the Mideast. 他最近出的书中提到了中东问题。2.
25、 sth. that shows you where else to look for information, for example the page number of another place in a booke.g.: reference book 参考书e.g.: The author does not give the references . 作者没有注明参考文献的出处。Collocation:in/with reference to 关于or else 1. otherwise 否则 We must be there by six, or else well miss t
26、he beginning of the movie.2. if not 要不然Give me the money or else! 把钱给我，不然的话，哼! Text A Para.2efficient adj. working well, quickly, and without wastee.g.: an efficient secretary 能干的秘书e.g.: an efficient heating system 高效能的供暖系统CF: efficient separate 个人的，单独的e.g.: an individual effort/contribution 个人的努力/
27、贡献 e.g.: Each individual house has its own yard. 每栋房子都有各自的庭院。2. characterized by unusual and striking qualities; distinctive or particular 独特的，与众不同的e.g.: She has her own individual style of doing things. 她有自己独特的行事风格。Personality n. 1. the whole nature or character of a particular person 个性,人格e.g.: He
28、 was an ambitious (有抱负的,有野心的) man with a strong/ powerful personality. 他是个个性很强的有抱负的人。2. a famous/ remarkable persone.g.: Roger Federer is one of the best-known personalities in the world of tennis. 费德勒是网球界最著名的人物之一。e.g.: 那女孩开朗的个性是她最迷人之处。The girls cheerful personality is her greatest charm. to a certa
29、in extent e.g.: They are financed to a certain extent by advertising revenue. 他们的资金在一定程度上来自广告收入。e.g.: 我在一定程度上同意你所说的。I agree with what you say to a certain extent.Text A Para.3have an advantage (over)have sth. that helps one to be more successful than otherse.g.: Her experience meant that she had a b
30、ig advantage over her opponent.e.g.: People who have been to university have a big advantage when it comes to finding jobs.e.g.: 在这方面，跟中国相比英国和美国就占了优势，因为英文是国际上通用的媒介语。In this respect, both Britain and United States have an advantage over China as English is an international medium of communication.go
31、to extremes = carry/go too far = overdoact too violently or behave in an extreme waye.g.: They often go to extremes in their views. 他们往往持极端观点。e.g.: 她为什么总是走极端？要么高兴得不得了，要么陷入绝望悲伤，从来没有中间状态。Why does she always go to extremes? Shes either gloriously happy or hopelessly sad, never in between. e.g.: 少数人会走极端
32、去自焚以表抗议. Few people go to extremes by setting themselves on fire in protest. Assume vt. accept (sth.) as true before there is proof 1. accept (sth.) as true before there is proof 假设,猜想e.g.: We cant assume anything in this case. 在这种情况下我们不可能做出假设。2. to pretend to 假装,伪装e.g.: He assumed a look of innocen
33、ce. 他装出一副天真无邪的样子/无辜的表情。e.g.: 数字产品往往假设人们非常了解技术。Digital products regularly assume that people are technology literate. vice versa used to say that the opposite of a situation you have just described is also truee.g.: He doesnt trust her, and vice versa.e.g.: This suggested that matter can be converted
34、 into energy, and vice versa. 这就是说物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。e.g.: 男孩也许会拒绝与女孩一起玩，女孩也一样。The boys may refuse to play with the girls, and vice versa.But it is wrong to assume that each word in English has a precise equivalent in another language and vice versa.如果你认为英语中的每一个词在另一语言中都有完全对等的词（或反之亦然），那就错了。Provide
35、vt. give sth. to someone or make it available to them, because they need it or want ite.g.: This booklet provides useful information about local services.这本小册子提供了当地各类服务的有用信息。provide sb. with sth.provide sth. for sb.e.g.: The project is designed to provide young people with work.e.g.: The hotel provi
36、des a shoe-cleaning service for guests.e.g.: 她总算设法使她的孩子有饭吃,有衣穿。Somehow she managed to provide her children with food and clothing. let alone 1. let sb. alone: not to bother, disturb or offend someone 不烦扰, 不干涉2. ad. not to mention; much less 更不用说e.g.: He hasnt enough money for food, let alone amuseme
37、nts (=entertainment 娱乐).e.g.: 这里连我们住的房间都不够，更不用说客人了。There isnt enough room for us, let alone any guests.Text A Para.4Base n. be based on/upone.g.: Their relationship was based on/upon mutual respect.e.g.: The film is based on a novel by Mark Twain.on the basis ofe.g.: Is it accurate to predict the re
38、sult on the basis of one secret vote? 以一次不记名投票为基础预测结果准确吗? If we were parrots or chimpanzees, these methods might be successful.What can we infer from the sentence?The author uses subjunctive mood(虚拟语气) here to show he disagrees with behaviorists.Text A Para.5Human beings, unlike parrots and chimpanz
39、ees, can relate them to their own lives.Why does the author compare human beings with parrots and chimpanzees?The author does so in order to tell us human beings speak English because they are interested in it.It is worth remembering that language is a means of communication. Pay attention to the us
40、age of the word “worth”.When we use this expression we should always use the V-ing form after the word “worth”, never an infinitive (动词不定式).e.g.: The book is worth reading/Its worth reading the book. means n. a method or way (of doing)e.g.: We need to find some other means of transportation.e.g.: Th
41、ere is no means of finding out what happened. 没有办法查明发生了什么。by all means 尽一切办法; 一定e.g.: By all means try the medicine if you think it will do you any good.如果你认为这药对你的病有效,那务必要试试。by no means 决不e.g.: She is by no means stupid. 她一点也不笨。What they listen to and read cannot be a formula.人们所听所读的不应该是程式化的东西。Text
42、A Para.6Relevant adj. relevant toe.g.: His nationality isnt relevant to whether he is a good lawyer. 他的国籍跟他是不是一个好律师不相关。e.g.: 你所说的事与目前考虑中的问题无关。What you say is not relevant to the matter in hand. Quiz 11. 个人看法2. 不费什么力气3. 提到4. 哭笑不得5. 另谋出路6. 合格的教师 7. 可笑的噱头 8. 在情理之中 9. 做 没用10. 这有几分道理 .11. 比具有很大优势 12. 向另一
43、极端personal opinionwith very little efforta reference todont know whether to laugh or crylook for another joba qualified teacher a ridiculous claimIt is natural It is no use doing This is true to a certain extent have a great advantage over othersgo to the opposite extremeQuiz 213. 完全对等的东西14. 反之亦然15.
44、 建立在基础上 16. 行为主义心理学17. 热衷于 18. 我个人认为 19. 将与联系起来 20. 值得牢记的是 21. 交际手段22. 与大同小异23. 值得一提的相关问题24. 做将可受益a precise equivalentand vice versabe based onbehaviorist psychologybe fond ofin my personal opinionrelate to It is worth remembering that a means of communicationbe probably very similar to a relevant p
45、oint worth mentioningIt will be helpful to Quiz 3 Synonyms1. personal2. reference3. ridiculous4. efficient5. argue6. personality7. equivalent8. relevanta. competentb. equalc. relatedd. privatee. mentionf. absurdg. debateh. characterAnswer: 1-D 2-E 3-F 4-A 5-G 6-H 7-B 8-CQuiz 4 Antonyms1. claim2. nat
46、ural3. argue4. individual5. precise6. qualified7. fluent8. helpfula. agreeb. wholec. vagued. unnaturalc. falteringd. helplesse. unqualifiedf. disclaimAnswer: 1-H 2-D 3-A 4-B 5-C 6-G 7-E 8-FWords in Action Part.21. obtain2. confident3. communicate4. advantage5. relevant6. helpful7. extreme8. enjoyabl
47、e9. means10. process11. particularly12. characters13. astonished14. apparentlyWords in Action Part.31. fond of2. is related to3. according to4. To a certain extent5. vice versa6. no doubt7. ridof8. cleared up9. or else10. at all cost11. sure enough12. let alone13. based on14. Its no use15. in my vie
48、w16. was worthCloze1. doubt2. efficient3. where4. advantage5. afford6. claim7. fluently8. qualified9. extent10. ridiculous11. perfect12. as13. because14. individualTranslation Part.11. The baby cant even crawl yet, let alone walk!2. Will claimed he was dining with a group of friends at the time of t
49、he murder, but in my opinion he told a lie. 3. To a certain extent the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills; and with reading skills you can cope with outside class reading better. 4. According to the regulation/rule, they both can play the game/participate in the game.5. Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for every Japanese word.6. We have passed all relevant information on to the police.7. There is no use asking me any more questions about that matter because
