1、可汗阅读生词-Social Science目录Passage：A hug a day keeps the doctor away .2Passage: A Happiness Test 3Passage: winning Scrabble .4Passage：Crows Understand Analogies.5Passage: Relationship between Facebook Intensity7（带为高频必背词/粗体为本文所用含义带号的可不记）Passage：A hug a day keeps the doctor awayrecruit v.征募，召集，招聘n.新兵，新成员s
2、huffle 1. 拖着脚走to shuffle along/in; to shuffle about;拖着脚走来走去2.洗牌Either they quickly looked down at their phones and awkwardly shuffled by, or their faces lit up as they embraced us.embrace 1. 拥抱2. 信奉3. 包含4. 欣然接受（观点等）1) the report embraced a wide range of issues2) her generosity embraces the whole nei
3、ghbourhood3) to embrace the challengeenthusiastic 热情的exclaim 宣称topple over 倒下bizarre 古怪的，光怪陆离counterintuitive contrary to intuition or to common-sense expectation (but often nevertheless true).exposure 1.揭发 2.暴露 3.曝光、报道 exposure to the wind and sun经受风吹日晒to receive or get exposure in the media;germ 1
4、.微生物，病菌 2.种子，开始 the germ of an ideaperception 1.感觉，感知 2.洞察力，看法compassion 同情 the victims should be treated with compassion.infect V 传染，影响emerge 浮现，出现buffer 缓冲物，缓冲人 his sense of humour was a useful buffer when times were bad.gold is the best buffer against inflationthereby 因此=thusimmune 1，免疫的有免疫力的 2，受
5、保护的，豁免的to be immune from prosecution免予起诉deprived 贫困的，匮乏的 a deprived area/child贫困地区/穷苦的孩子susceptible 容易感染。 。 。容易遭受影响的 officials who are susceptible to bribery容易受贿的官员underestimate 低估anecdote 轶事conduct 1.行为 2.实施，经营，处理 3.传导revelation 1.披露，启示 2.被暴露的秘密 the revelation of the truthto be a revelation (to som
6、ebody);出乎（某人的）意料her cooking skills were a revelation to me她的烹饪技巧让我大开眼界distribute 分发，分配，散布donate 捐款，捐助confer 1. 授予，给予2. 商量，协商to confer something on somebody;the body has the right to confer degrees这个团体有学位授予权health confers happinessexposed to 1.裸露的，暴露的 2.易受攻击的incidence 发生，发生率Passage: A Happiness Testn
7、otion 1.观念，概念 2.了解 cannot bear the notion of something/doing somethingspur 激励，促进inform 1.通知，告知 2.告发fare 1.票价；食物；乘客 2.v.进行 how did you fare?你过得如何？decade 十年Per capita 人均，每人prominent 1. important 重要的，著名的2. conspicuous 显眼的，显著的yardstick 衡量标准perform 做；表演；表现；运行 the economy has been performing rather sluggi
8、shly经济一直都很萧条assess 1.估算 2.评估skepticism 怀疑态度slogan 口号preoccupation 全神贯注；长久思考、长久关注的事his preoccupation with politics.employ 1.雇佣 2，使用应用initiative 主动性，主动权，主动行为 use your initiative!自己想办法吧！on ones own initiative主动地to take the initiative采取主动peace initiative(s)和平倡议to lose the initiative丧失先机Account for 解释。 。
9、 。的原因；说明。 。 。的下落sustainability 可持续性retain 1.保留保持 2.记住entity 实体 A single/separate/political/legal entityexpectancy 期望 an air/a look/a feeling of expectancy期盼的神情/样子/感觉seek 寻找寻求controversial 有争议的monetization 货币化，定为货币prerequisite 前提，先决条件；必备的assumption a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to ha
10、ppen, without proof:假定the action of taking or beginning to take power or responsibility:承担，获得1 they made certain assumptions about the market | were working on the assumption that the time of death was after midnight.2 the assumption of an active role in regional settlements.metric 公制的empirical 以经验为
11、依据的correlate 相关联recognized 公认的，备受认可的projecting 突出的 projecting teeth龅牙alternative 1.可供替代的plan, route, method, suggestion2.(unconventional)非传统的 there are several alternatives to surgery除外科手术之外还有其他几种选择alternative sources of energy非传统能源an alternative culture另类文化Passage: winning Scrabbleunderpinning /ndp
12、n/ n. 矿业 支柱， 支承结构 ;支 撑;基础 domain /d()men/ n. 域名;产业; 地产;领域 as an increasingly popular domain for scientific research on expertise, it is giving psychologists a better understanding of the underpinnings of complex skill and a clearer picture of the origins of greatness. overarching adj. 首要的;支配一切的 ;包罗
13、万象 The overarching goal of this research is to 。/uvr:ti/ 的 interplay /ntple/ 相互作用cognitive 认知的 cognitive theory/science认知理论/科学acquire /kwa/ vt. 获得;取得; 学到;捕获 Software factors include knowledge and skills that are acquired through experience, whereas hardware factors include genetically influenced abi
14、lities and capacities. capacity /kpst/ n. 能力;容量; 资格，地位;生 产力 intersecting /intsekti/ adj. 交叉的 The basic goal of SCRABBLE is to create intersecting words by placing lettered tiles on a board containing a 15 x 15 grid. aficionado /,fsjnd/ n. 迷;狂热爱好 者 consonant /kns()nnt/ n. 辅音;辅音字 母 adj. 辅音的;一 致的;和谐的 v
15、owel /val/ n. 元音;元音字 母 adj. 元音的 elite /elit/ n. 精英;精华; 中坚分子anagram /ngrm/ n. 易位构词 outperform /atpfm/ vt. 胜过 In a study recently published in Applied Cognitive Psychology, Michael Toma and his colleagues found that elite SCRABBLE players outperformed college students from a highly selective universit
16、y on tests of two cognitive abilities: working memory and visuospatial reasoning. selective /slektv/ adj. 选择性的 visuospatial /vospel/ adj. 视觉空间 的 detect /dtekt/ vt. 察觉;发现; 探测 magnetic /mgnetk/ adj. 有磁性的; 地磁的;有吸引 力的 resonance /rez()nns/ n. 力 共振;共 鸣;反响 the resonance of his deep voice他低沉嗓音的回响the rich re
17、sonance of African-American culture in her work。她作品中散发出浓郁的美国黑人文化的气息superiority /su,prrt/ n. 优越，优势; 优越性What might explain SCRABBLE experts superiority in working memory and visuospatial reasoning? Passage：Crows Understand Analogies analogical /nldkl/ adj. 相似的,类推的,有相似之 处的 A recent research collaborati
18、on has discovered that crows exhibit strong behavioral signs of analogical reasoningthe ability to solve puzzles like “bird is to air as fish is to what?” pinnacle /pnk()l/ n.顶峰,顶点,极点;尖顶,小尖塔 Analogical reasoning is considered to be the pinnacle of cognition and it only develops in humans between the
19、 ages of three and four. 翻译:类比推理被认为是认知的顶峰，它只在人类 3 到 4 岁时发展。 pitcher /pt/ n. 投球手;大水罐 Aesops famous fable “The Crow and the Pitcher” tells of a crow solving a challenging problem: the thirsty crow drops pebbles into a pitcher with water near the bottom, thereby raising the fluid level high enough to p
20、ermit the bird to drink. charming /tm/ adj. 迷人的;可 爱的 Such tales are charming and provocative, but science cannot rely on them. provocative /prvktv/ adj. 煽动性的, 刺激性的, 挑衅 的 Corroborate vt. 证实,支持 (某种说法、信 仰、理论等) Recent scientific research sought to corroborate this fable. 翻译:最近的科学研究试图证实这寓言。 abstract /bst
21、rkt/ n. 抽象;摘要; 抽象的概念adj. 抽象的;深 奥的 v. 提取;摘要 But, what happens when crows are given problems that require more abstract thinking? apprehension /prhen()n 1忧虑，担心:2 理解，看法understanding; grasp3 逮捕1. he felt sick with apprehension | she had some apprehensions about the test.2. the pure apprehension of the w
22、ork of art.3. they acted with intent to prevent lawful apprehension.nonverbal 非言语，不用言辞的 Because sameness and differentness can be detected visually, perhaps that may provide an elegant way to study their apprehension by nonverbal animals. stimulus /stmjls/ n. 刺激;剌激 物;促进因素 To do so, we present visual
23、 stimuli on a touchscreen monitor. touchscreen /ttskrin/ 触摸屏Monitor/mnt/ n. 监视器，监听 器，监控器，班 长 vt. 监控 mammal /mm()l/ n. 哺乳动物 gist /dst/ n. 要点, 主旨 Here, the gist of analogy can be captured by arranging a matching task in which the relevant logical arguments are presented in the form of visual stimuli.
24、hood /hd/ n. 头巾;兜帽; 覆盖 vt. 以头巾覆 盖;罩上 spontaneously /spnteinisli/ adv. 自然地;自 发地;不由自主 地 Not only could the crows correctly perform this task, but they did so spontaneously, from the very first presentations, without ever being trained to do so. applicable /plkb()l/ 适当的，可应用的 It seems that initial train
25、ing to match identical items enabled the crows to grasp a broadly applicable concept of sameness that could apply to the novel two-item analogy task. robust /r()bst/ adj. 强健的;健 康的;粗野的; 粗鲁的 Such robust and uninstructed behavior represents the most convincing evidence yet of analogical reasoning in a
26、non-primate animal. 翻译:这种强大、未经教导的行为，代表了非灵长类动物中 类比推理最令人信服的证据。 uninstructed /nnstrktd/ adj. 未经教导 的 primate /pramet/ 灵长类动物Underlie underlie 位于 之下(form basis of)构成的基础 the fundamental issue which underlies the conflict 引发冲突的根本问题a bitter pessimism underlies all his writing 痛苦的悲观情绪贯穿他的所有作品Passage: Relation
27、ship between Facebook Intensity investigate/nvestget/ v. 调查；研究esteem/stim/ n./v.尊重Given the popularity of online social networking sites, Facebook in particular, the current study was designed to investigate the relationship between Facebook use, the importance of quality of friendships to self-este
28、em, and personality in college students. interpersonal/ntps()n()l/ adj. 人与人之间的，人际关系的virtual/vtjl/ adj.实质上的;计虚拟的deteriorate/dtrret/ 恶化Some researchers initially believed online activities negatively impacted relationships and feared that virtual communication would replace face-to-face interactions a
29、nd deteriorate social bonds.cyberspace/saibspeis/ n. (电子计算机创造的 ) 通讯、信息空间engagement/ngedm()nt/ n. 交战；约会；婚约；诺言；参 与cyberbullying/sab bl/ n. 网上欺凌Depression/dpre()n/ n. 沮丧；不景气；洼地While using social media can have positive benefits associated with community engagement, education, social connectedness, and
30、identity development, it can also lead to risks linked to social rejection, cyberbullying, depression, exposure to inappropriate content, and other negative consequences related to general well-being.adjustment/ds(t)m()nt/ n. 调节，适应；调节器In college, upper-class students with more Facebook friends repor
31、ted high levels of social adjustment and stronger attachment to the college than students with less Facebook friends, although freshmen did not benefit from having more Facebook friends and actually reported decreased social and emotional adjustment.excessive/ksesv/adj. 过多的，极 度的；过分的correlation/krle(
32、)n/n.关联；相互关系In certain cases, excessive Facebook use may be related to lower general self-esteem. For example, Mehdizadeh (2010) found a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and the number of times students checked Facebook per day and between self-esteem and the time spent on Facebo
33、ok per session.enhance/nhns/vt. 加强；增加introverted/ntr()vtd/内向的Interface/ntfes/n. 界面；接口；交界面 v. （使通过界面 或接口）接合， 连接 vi.相互作用 （或影响） ；交 流，交谈In addition, researchers have found that introverted individuals and individuals with low self-esteem may benefit from the social opportunities provided by the Facebook
34、 interface, without the anxiety of interacting face to-face.anxiety/zat/n. 焦虑；挂念；令人焦虑的事Utilize/ju:tilaiz/vt. 利用contingent/kntnd()nt/adj. 因 情 况 而异 的 ；偶 然发 生的；可能的；依情况而定Facebook provides an opportunity for individuals who value their friendships to stay informed about social events and this technology
35、may be particularly important and highly utilized by individuals whose value of themselves is contingent on how well 的； 逻有条件的n. 分遣队；偶然事 件their relationships with friends are succeeding. intensity /ntenst/ n. 强烈;强度; 电子亮度;紧 张 dimension /dmen()n/ n.尺寸;维度; 方面 Individuals who value their friendships and see these friendships as important dimensions of themselves may engage in increased social networking behaviors to provide additional means for keeping connected with friends and sharing personal activities. Psychology 心理学
