1、http:/ http:/ innovation of method of economic analysis of law and civil law 摘 要：经济分析法学的基本思想是将资源效率最大化作为法的宗旨。作为一种思维方法，经济分析法学主张将经济学的基本原理和方法运用于法学研究，系法学研究方法的重大变革。经济分析对于民法方法革新的特殊意义，缘于民法和经济学的一致性，包括对人的共同假定、对交易的共同关注以及对效率的共同追求等。Pick to: economic analysis of law is the basic idea of the resource efficiency ma
2、ximization as the aim of the method. As a kind of thinking method, economic analysis law advocates to apply the basic principle and method of economics Yu Faxue research, is a significant change of legal research method. Economic analysis for the special meaning of method innovation of civil law, du
3、e to the consistency of the civil law and economics, including the common assumption, to common concerns and the common pursuit of efficiency, etc. 关键词： 经济分析法学 民法方法 经济人Key words: economic analysis economic law civil law methods 中图分类号：DF5 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1673-8330（2013）02-0033-06Chinese library classifi
4、cation number: DF5 literature identifier: A article number: 1673-8330 (2013) 02-0033-06 经济分析法学（Jurisprudence of Economic Analysis） ， 是 20 世纪 60 年代正式兴起的法学流派。作为一种法学方法，它被誉为法学研究方法的重大变革，因此，在法学研究中恰当运用经济分析方法具有重要意义。但是，我国对经济分析法学的方法论意义认识不足，尤其对经济分析法学和民法方法之革新的关系尚待深入研究。Economic Analysis of law (Jurisprudence of
5、Economic Analysis), which was officially in the 1960 s the rise of Jurisprudence. As a method of law, it is known as the law reform of study method, therefore, appropriate use of economic analysis in law research methods is of great significance. However, inadequate understanding of methodology of j
6、urisprudence of economic analysis in our country, especially the innovation of method of economic analysis of law and civil law relationship is yet to be in-depth study. http:/ http:/ the basic idea of economic analysis of law （一）从经济分析到经济分析法学(a) from the economic analysis to the economic analysis of
7、 law 对法律进行经济分析的思想自古皆有，而非经济分析法学首创。用经济学的理论研究法学理论和法律制度，一直可以追溯到贝卡利亚、边沁、斯密、马克思、瓦格纳，以及 20世纪初美国制度经济学中最著名的代表人物康芒斯。当然，真正将经济学与法学紧密结合并以其完整的理论体系和独特的研究方法形成一个新的可以与传统法学抗衡的法学流派，则非经济分析法学莫属。Economic analysis of law ideas have since ancient times, rather than economic analysis of law. In economics theory research of l
8、aw theory and legal system, and always can be traced back to the bekaa leah, bentham, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Wagner, and institutional economics in the United States in the early 20th century and one of the most famous representative figure, mons. Combined closely with the real will, of course, econ
9、omics and law and its complete theoretical system and unique research method to form a new can compete with traditional law jurisprudence and the economic analysis of law. 从理论渊源上考证，经济分析法学的思想萌芽，最早大约可以追溯到 18 世纪边沁创立的功利主义理论，分析主义法学、社会学法学等也都吸取过功利主义思想。经济分析法学缘何得以产生？回顾历史，我们可以说：社会经济的发展、国家干预经济的兴起，奠定了经济分析法学的经济基
10、础；政策选择的困境、效益与福利的争论，是经济分析法学产生的社会基础；学科间的渗透、法之宏观结果受到重视，是经济分析法学产生的法理基础。总之， “为适应经济和政治变化的需要，经济学的研究在向法律制度（这个过去被认为当然的既定前提）发展，法学的研究在向整个经济后果（这个过去被忽略了的法律的宏观后果）发展。正是在这两种发展趋势的交叉点上，出现了经济分析法学”。经济分析法学的产生及其强大影响是有目共睹的，这一点有庞德先生的精辟总结为证：“在以往 50 年中，法学思想方面发生了一种转向于强调经济的变化把寻求最大限度的满足作为重点。 ”Textual research from the theory or
11、igin, economic analysis law of enlightenment, founded the earliest can be traced back to the 18th century about benthams utilitarianism theory, (2) analysis of jurisprudence, sociological jurisprudence, etc are also learn over utilitarianism. Economic analysis of law why be produce? Historically, we
12、 can say: the development of social economy, the http:/ http:/ of state intervention in the economy, laid the economic foundation of jurisprudence of economic analysis; The plight of policy options, benefits and welfare, is the social basis of the economic analysis of law; Discipline penetration, be
13、tween the method of the macro result, economic analysis of law is the legal basis. In short, “in order to adapt to the needs of economic and political change, economic research on legal system (this used to be thought about, of course, the premise) development, law research in to the entire economic
14、 consequences (this in the past neglected the macroeconomic consequences of the law). It is in the intersection of the two development trends, the economic analysis of law“. (3) economic analysis of law and its powerful effect is obvious to all, this is Mr. Pound incisive summary for: “in the past 5
15、0 years, law thought a turning to emphasize economic changes have taken place in seek to maximize the satisfaction of the as a priority.“ (4) （二）经济分析法学的基本思想(2) the basic idea of economic analysis of law 经济分析法学的理论基础是新制度经济学。新制度经济学，是以制度作为其研究对象的经济理论，是以交易成本为核心范畴，分析和论证制度的性质、必要性以及合理制度的标志的经济学派。新制度经济学的中心议题是一
16、个社会要想维持活力就应当从制度上激发和保护经济行为主体的创新活动。以新制度经济学为基础的经济分析法学以效率为其核心概念，因为“效率” 虽属经济学领域的核心思想，但同样支配着法律制度的设计和施行。 “法律制度归根到底受效益原理支配，法律安排实质是以效益为轴心”。因而，经济学与法学结合的纽带乃是客观存在的，运用经济学上的概念、方法与结论对法律或法律现象进行审视和研究亦有可行性。可以说，几乎所有的立法活动、司法活动以及法律制度本身，对人类的行为都产生了不同程度的隐含成本，从而在事实上发挥着资源配置之功能。所以，法律之原则与制度在最终意义上都成为促进资源有效率配置的手段，规范意义上的法律活动都围绕资源
17、有效配置与利用而展开，从而，市场规律内在地演变为法律逻辑，并影响立法、司法、执法和守法各个法治环节。 “良法”通过对权利、权力、义务、责任、法律信息、法律程序的有效安排，可以合理地降低法律规则对人类行为产生的隐含成本，提高经济效率并有益于人类。这就是对法律进行经济分析的基本理由。Economic analysis of law theory is based on new institutional economics. As its object of study, new institutional economics is a system of economic theory, is
18、based on transaction costs as the core category of the nature of the analysis and evaluation system, the necessity and reasonable http:/ http:/ of signs of economics. At the center of the new institutional economics is a social issue to maintain vitality should be inspired from the system and protec
19、t economic behavior main body of innovation activities. Based on new institutional economics the economic analysis of law efficiency as its core concept, because although “efficiency“ is a core idea in the field of economics, but also dominates the design and implementation of the legal system. Ulti
20、mately controlled by the benefit principle “law, the legal arrangement essence is benefit as axis“. (5) therefore, economics and law combined with the link but it is objective existence, using economics concept, methods and conclusions of law or legal phenomenon also has feasibility survey and resea
21、rch. We can say that almost all of the legislative, judicial and legal system itself, to human behavior has had a different degree of hidden costs, which in fact plays a function of resource allocation. So, the principles of law and system in the final sense become promote the efficient allocation o
22、f resources means, normative in the sense of legal activities all around the efficient allocation and utilization of resources and, thus, the market rule internally into legal logic, and influence the legislative, judicial, law enforcement and law-abiding, the rule of law. “Law“ through the rights,
23、powers, obligations and responsibilities, legal information and legal process effectively arranged, can be reasonably reduce legal rules of human behavior implied costs, increase economic efficiency and beneficial to human. This is an analysis of the economic laws basic reasons. 法律规范（制度）是而且应当是包含了经济逻
24、辑的，法律权利应当分配给能以最小的成本换取最大收益的一方。以价值得以极大化的方式分配和使用资源，或者说财富极大化，是法的宗旨。可见，从分析路径上看，经济分析法学乃是将法律制度作为经济发展的内生变量进行理论诠释，其所运用的理论为现代经济学中的价格理论、福利经济学、公共选择理论等，其所采用的方法是经济分析的方法，即“投入产出法”，其分析的对象是法律制度的形成、结构、过程、效果、效率及未来发展等。Legal norms (system) is and should be included economic logic, legal rights should be assigned to the s
25、mallest cost in exchange for maximum benefit. 6 allocate and use resources in the form of value maximization, or maximization of wealth, is the aim of the method. All landowners, from the point of view of path analysis, economic analysis of law is the legal system, as an endogenous variable of econo
26、mic development theory, the theory for the price theory of modern economics, welfare economics, public choice theory, the methods of economic analysis method, namely http:/ http:/ method“, the analysis of the object is the formation of the legal system, structure, process, effect, efficiency and fut
27、ure development. 既然经济分析法学是把效益放在法律价值序列之首位，那么我们评价经济分析法学的是非得失，毋宁说是检验这样一个命题是否成立：法律可不可以追求效益目标，可不可以把效益作为首要的价值？马克思指出：“社会不是以法律为基础，那是法学家们的幻想。相反地，法律应该以社会为基础。 ”既然法律是以社会为基础的，那么法律在总体上应当以社会的主要目标为其主要追求。 “法律价值的变化受制于生产力状况的发展”， “法律价值观也是历史地发展着的开发性系统”。随着法律所处的社会物质生活条件、经济运行模式以及整个社会所追求目标的变化，法律的价值偏重也无法做到“从一而终”。 “当一个社会发展到需要
28、把效益作为它在某一发展阶段上的主要目标的时候，法律可以把效益作为它的首要价值，或者说，这时候法律应当追求效益目标”。我国在经济生活领域已经确立“效率优先、兼顾公平”的一般原则，并开始全面建立和发展市场经济体制。在这种特定的历史背景下，法律特别是作为调整市场经济的具有直接经济内容的法律部门（如民法） ，应当在不破坏社会最低限度的公平的前提下把“效益”作为其最基本的价值追求。Since the economic analysis of law is put efficiency on legal value sequence of the first place, then we evaluate
29、 the economic analysis of law dispute gain and loss, rather see if such a proposition founded: law can benefit goal, can the benefit as a primary value? Marx pointed out: “the society is not based on the law, it is the illusion of lawyers. On the contrary, the law should be based on the society.“ To
30、day since law is based on society, so the law in general should be the main target is the main pursuit of society. “The change of legal value is subject to the condition of productivity development“, “legal values is also developmental system of the development of the history“. Pet-name ruby as the
31、law of the social material living conditions, economic operation mode, and the whole societys pursuit goal change, the value of the law lay particular stress on “monogamous“ cant do. “When a society development to need the benefits as its main goal in a certain stage of development, the law can take
32、 efficiency as its first value, or, at this time the law should pursue benefit goal“. Attending in the field of economic life in our country has established the general principles of the “priority to efficiency and due consideration to fairness“, and began to comprehensive and the development of mar
33、ket economy system is established. In this particular historical background, the law, especially as the adjustment of the market economy has a direct economic content of the legal department (e.g., civil), shall be without destroying the social http:/ http:/ of fairness under the premise of the “ben
34、efit“ as its basic value pursuit. 二、经济分析法学对法学方法的影响Second, the influence of the economic analysis of law on legal methods 对于科学研究来说，用于研究的方法本身是否科学和正确，是决定研究活动成功与失败的关键因素。B11 正是由于方法的极端重要性，所以， “在法学领域，一个学派之所以能够在众多的法学流派中独树一帜，表现出某种理论优势和特色，正是得力于其研究方法的优势和特色”。B12“ 经济分析之所以成为一门学科，其原因不在于它的研究对象或种种定义，而在于它的研究方法”；“对法学来
35、说，经济分析方法的 入侵或加盟意味着一种思想的革命，一种研究方法的革命”。B13 经济分析法学已经而且还必将继续为法学研究提供新的方法和新的视野，使法学研究得到全面的改造，并因此而发生革命性的变化。 考察西方法理学之历史，人们曾经运用历史学、社会学、人类学、伦理学、政治学等方法研究法律，但这些方法都未曾尝试定量分析。经济分析法学则首开以定量分析方法研究法律之先河。所以波斯纳指出，30 多年法律经济学的历史表明，它既是对现代法律分析本身固有思维弱点的一次无情冲击，又无疑是对传统经济思想核心的回归和重整。正是这场思想、理论和技术的革新，为法律实施、法律效果、法律效率、宪政理论（包括政府行为控制，民
36、主决策或制度选择）等问题提出了一系列使我们为之耳目一新的假设、理论和方法。B14 由于经济学理性自利、理性选择的重要基本预设，与法律作为一种规范研究的学问，必然探讨规范对人类行为产生效果的面向不谋而合，是以将经济学的分析理论运用在法律学上，就有了迥异于大陆法系释义学传统下以“涵摄”、 “三段论法 ”等法体系研究路线的成果。B15 更为重要的是， “经济学不仅仅或者并不主要是研究经济问题的科学，而是一种思维方式”。B16 所以，经济学与法学合作的一个重要影响是使法学研究获得了一种超越传统的全新思维方式和研究方法。这种思维方式使法学研究和法律规定真正找到了出发点和归宿，那就是从人本身出发这里的人不
37、是道德的人，而是社会和自然的人。由此，通过使激励而不是强制成为整个法律制度的核心，从而引导人们能够心甘情愿地作出社会可欲的选择。B17For scientific research, used to study the method itself is scientific and accurate, is decided to research activities of the key factors of success and failure. Bl1 it is because of the extreme importance of method, so, “in the fiel
38、d of law, a school can is unique among numerous jurisprudence, show some theoretical advantages and characteristics, it is due to the advantage of its research methods and characteristics“. B12 “economic analysis is a discipline, its cause lies not http:/ http:/ its object of study, or a variety of
39、definitions, but lies in its research method“; “For legal, economic analysis methods invasion or join means a revolution of thinking, a research method of revolution“. Bl3 economic analysis of law has been and will continue to provide new methods and new perspective for the study of the law, legal r
40、esearch is comprehensive reform, and revolutionary change. Study of western jurisprudence history, people used to use history, sociology, anthropology, ethics, political science research method such as law, but these methods are not try to quantitative analysis. Economic analysis of law is the first
41、 quantitative analysis method to study law. Posner indicates so, more than 30 years history of legal economics shows that it is both the inherent weakness of thinking of modern legal analysis itself in a ruthless onslaught, and there is no doubt that is the core of traditional economic thoughts of r
42、egression and reforming. It is the thought, the theory and technology innovation, for law enforcement, legal effect, legal efficiency, constitutional theory (including the government behavior control, democratic or selection) put forward a series of problems such as the us to the hypothesis that fin
43、d everything new and fresh, the theory and method. B14 due to economics of rational self-interest, the important basic presupposition of rational choice, and the law as a normative analysis of knowledge, must explore norms of human behavior have an effect, oriented on the theory of economic analysis
44、 on law, there has been different from civil law explanation study under the traditional “culvert perturbation“, “syllogism“ method system research route of the results. B15 is even more important, “economics not only or not mainly is the study of economic problems, but a way of thinking“. B16 so, e
45、conomics and law cooperation is one of the most important influence is a kind of beyond the traditional legal research to obtain the new way of thinking and research methods. This way of thinking make the real law and legal research found the starting point and the end-result, which is starting from
46、 the man himself, the people here is not a moral man, but social and natural person. Thus, by making the incentive rather than forced to become the core of the legal system, so as to guide people to willingly to make society to choose. B17 法律规则是一种按序排列的金字塔式的等级体系。高级规则控制着低级规则， “一个法律规范决定着创造另一个规范的方式，而且在某
47、种范围内还决定着后者的内容”， “法律就调整着它自己的创造”。B18 法律规范之所以有效力，是因为它是按照另一个法律规范决定的方式被创造的。正是由于法律规范的这一性质，因此对法律的分析首先是一种规则分析，是根据规则的含义而进行的解释和分析。B19 但这又带来了法律的职业化特点传统法http:/ http:/ rule of law is a sequential arrangement of pyramid hierarchy. Expert rules control the low-level rules, “a law decides the way of creating anothe
48、r specification, and also determines the content of the latter in some scope“, “the law will adjust its own creation“. B18 law is effective, because it is determined according to another legal norms created way. It is because of the nature of the legal norms, so at first, on the analysis of the law is a
