1、 非谓语动词非谓语动词: a.动词不定式 b.动名词 c.分词( 现在分词 过去分词)概述：1.谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词2.非谓语动词：是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分指出下列句子中非谓语动词的成分 1，To see is to believe. 2, It is right to give up smoking. 3, He wanted to go 4, I find it interesting to study English. 5, He asked me to do the work with him. 6, I have some books for yo
2、u to read. 7, I came here to see you. 8, We were very excited to hear the news. 9,Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job. 10, It is no use arguing with him. 11, Her job is teaching . 12.He had his clothes washed. 13,We saw the teacher making the experiment. 14,The man standing by the window is
3、our teacher. 15,The excited people rushed into the building. 16,Being a student, I must study hard. 17,The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 18,The news is inspiring.非谓语动词使用条件一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.She got off th
4、e bus, but left her handbag on her seat.不定式 主动语态 被动语态 与谓语动词的关系一般式 To do To be done 动作发生在谓语动作之后进行式 To be doing 与谓语动作同时发生完成式 To have done To have been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前动名词 主动语态 被动语态 与谓语动词的关系一般式 Doing Being done 与谓语动作同时发生完成式 Having doing Having been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前现在分词 主动语态 被动语态 与谓语动词的关系一般式 Doing Being
5、 done 与谓语动作同时发生完成式 Having done Having been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前动词不定式一动 词 不 定 式 的 时 态 和 被 动 形 式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种：1 一般式 to do 例如： I like to read English.2 进行式 to be doing 例如：He seemed to be reading something at that time.3 完成式 to have done 例如： He seemed to have cleaned the room.4
6、被动式 to be done 例如：The work is to be done soon.5 完成被动式 to have been done例如：The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.二. 动词不定式的用法I.作主语 (1)不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。To see is to believe Not to get there in time is your fault.(2)注：常用 it 做形式主语，将 to do 放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。句型 1：It + 谓语 + to do It takes
7、 us an hour _to_ get there by bus.句型 2：Its + n. + to do Its our duty _to_ help the poor.It is a great enjoyment _to_ spend our holiday in the mountains.句型 3： It is + adj + for sb to do sth（是形容事物的性质的 ）It is + adj + of sb to do sth（是形容人的品质的 ）It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It is a gr
8、eat honor for us to be present at your birthday party. It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.注意：动名词和不定式作主语时的区别1.动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、_性的行为2.不定式作主语表示_的、一次性的或特指的动作Walking is good for health. To have a walk in the spring afternoon with my mum is pl
9、easant. 3.特定句式中的习惯表达It is + adj. + for /of sth +to do It is useless/ no use/ no good +doing sth.II.作宾语 接不定式做宾语 I want to know this matter.I dont expect to meet you here(1)常见动词有：like, demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, offer, fail, manage, learn, seem, intend, forget, want, prepare, p
10、retend, refuse, plan, afford, wish 等They wanted _to get_( get ) on the bus, didnt they? He said he wished _to be_( be ) a professor.(2)it 作形式宾语I find/feel to work with him interesting I find/feel it interesting to work with himSubject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider it+adj/n + to do sth. 1.We though
11、t _it_ better _to_ start early. 2.Do you consider _it_ better not _to_ go?3. I feel _it_ my duty _to_ change all that. 4.We think it _ important _ to _ obey the law.5.I know _ it _ impossible _ to _ finish so much homework in a day.(3)常跟疑问词+ 不定式作宾语的动词 :tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, di
12、scuss, learn, explain, know, discover, He taught us how to use the tool. No one could tell me where to get the book.I havent decided whether to go or stay. 下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过regret to do 遗憾要
13、做 regret doing 后悔做过try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事）mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做In some parts of London, missing a bus means _A_ for another hour.A waiting B to waiting C wait D to be waitingBoys, dont forget _D_ the windows before you leave the classroom.A.
14、 closing B. closed C. to closing D. to closeShe reached the top of the hill and stopped _C_ on a big rock.A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. restRemember _A_ the lights when you leave the office.A. to turn off B. turning off C. turn off D. to turning off(4)在 cannot but, cannot choose/help bu
15、t 之后接不带 to 的不定式I have no choice but _to wait_.（wait ） “前有 do,后无 to”I cant do anything but _go_ (go )out with her.III.作宾语补足语1. Ill get someone _to_ repair the recorder for you. 2. What caused him _to_ change his mind? advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, encourage, force, get, hate, invite , order
16、, wish , want, warn, remind, promise, permit, persuade, request+sb. to do注意：（1）在动词 feel （一感） ，hear, listen to （二听） ， have, let, make（三让） ，notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带 to，但变为被动语态后，必须带 to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree
17、.(2)help 后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带 to,也可以不带 to.I often help him （to）clean the room. I helped him (to) find his things. He is often heard _to sing_(sing) the song. Though he often made his deskmate _cry_(cry), today he was made _to cry_(cry) by his deskmate.IV作定语I have something to tell you. (不定式作定语)1) 不定式与它所修
18、饰的词有动宾关系 Do you have anything to wash today?2) 不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容 I have no chance to go there.3) 被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语 She is always the last to leave the room.4) 不定式为不及物动词且和所修饰的名词是动宾关系时，须加介词 1.The house is not big enough for us all_A_.A. to live in B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in2. Would you ple
19、ase pass me the knife _A_?A. to cut the fruit with B. to cut the fruit C. cutting the fruit D. cutting the fruit with3.I have something important to say. Please find a piece of paper to write on （写上）4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen to write with （写）V.作状语 不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果
20、。I came here to see youWe were very excited to hear the newsHe hurried to the school to find nobody there. 对比 To learn English well, he needs a good dictionary.To learn English well, a good dictionary is needed.To get there in time, he told me to get up early.不定式的主动形式表示被动意义I have something important
21、 to do. In the accident, the driver was to blame.This question is difficult to answer. The box is not easy to carry. 动名词一. 动名词的基本构成主动语态 被动语态一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been doneNo one likes being laughed at.I dont remember having ever been given a chance to do it.二.动名词的功用 Smoking does
22、 great harm to peoples health.（作主语） My job is looking after children.（作表语） I have finished reading the novel.（作宾语） We have got a swimming pool in our school.（做定语）It is no use crying. It is no good objecting常见的动词有：admit, advise, suggest, avoid, consider, delay, deny, excuse, finish, imagine, include,
23、 keep(on), mind, , practice, miss, resist.短语: be/get used to ,cant help/stop, cant stand , give up, feel like, look forward to, get down to,have difficulty/trouble (in),be busy (in),put offe.g.She sat there without _speaking_ (speak) I look forward to_seeing_ (see) him again.Are you used to _live_ (
24、live) there alone? When my father heard the news, he couldnt help _laughing_ (laugh).I dont feel like _going_ (go) to see the film. He was busy _preparing_ (prepare) his lessons主动表被动: The room wants _cleaning_ (clean). The method needs _improving_ (improve). This pair of shoes require _mending_ (men
25、d). The problem needs_working out_ (work out). The question is well worth _discussing_ (discuss)d）动词 “like, love, hate, prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作”。当用在 should, would 之后时，只跟不定式。例如：I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon. What would you like to eat tonight?动名词的复合结构动名词前可以加一
26、个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语a.动名词复合结构作主语时一般用名词所有格或形容词性的物主代词。例如： Nixons visiting China marked a new year between U.S. and China diplomatic relations.尼克松访问中国标志着中美外交关系进入一个新的时代Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.b. 在口语和非正式语体中，只要不是作主语，动名词复合结构中的逻辑主语常采用名词通格或人称代词宾格。例如： The
27、 doctor does not mind me /my eating a little meat occasionally.分词（一）分词的作用 现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成。1作定语Do you know the boy standing at the gate?Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？2作表语We are excited at the news.The news he told us is exciting.3作宾语补足语I heard him singing a song in the cl
28、assroom.We found the ground covered with snow.4作状语While lying in bed, he listened to some music.Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别:现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory.(See
29、ing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful.2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldnt help crying.(When they heard the bad news)3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better. (If they had been given more attention)4. I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. Being
30、so angry, he couldnt go to sleep. (Because he was so angry)They came into the classroom, singing and laughing. (and they were singing laughing)To serve the people well, I study hard. (In order to serve the people well)（二）分词的时态现在分词分一般式和完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生。例如：Knowing h
31、is uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,常用作状语。例如：Having finished his homework, he went to bed.（三）现在分词的被动式被动一般式 being done 被动完成式 having been doneThis is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city. Having been told many times, he was able to operat
32、e the machine.（四）分词的否定形式分词的否定式，由 not+分词构成，例如：Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.（五）分词独立主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.The
33、meeting being over, they all left the room.Given more time, we could do it better.The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey.She stood there, book in hand.Everybody at home, we sat down to dinner.由 There being +主语 这种结构多表示原因。例如：There being a lot of books to read, he often studied ti
34、ll midnight.因为有许多书要读，他经常学习到深夜。with + 复合宾语结构（1）with + 名词 / 代词 + 形容词 Dont speak with your mouth full.（2）with + 名词 / 代词 + 副词 The square looks more beautiful than ever with the lights on.（3）with + 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语 He was asleep with his head on his arms.（4）with + 名词 / 代词 + -ing 分词 She felt very nervous wi
35、th so many people looking at her.With the old man leading, the two started toward the mountains.（5）with + 名词 / 代词 + 不定式 With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived here.（6）with + 名词 / 代词 + -en 分词 With his matter settled, we left the room.【2012 全国卷 II】 Tony lent me the money, _ tha
36、t Id do as much for him.A. hoping B. to hope C. hoped D. having hoped【答案】A【2012 全国卷 II】 The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy_ anything that happened to be on.A. to watch B. watching C. watched D. to have watched【答案】A【2012 安徽】24. I remembered the door before I left the offi
37、ce, but forgot to turn off the lights. A. locking B. to lock C. having locked D. to have locked 【答案】B【2012 安徽】30. When for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding. A. asking B. asked C. having asked D. to be asked【答案】B【2012 重庆】23. _to work overtime th
38、at evening, I missed a wonderful film.A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked【答案】A【2012 重庆】28. Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision _at the meeting will influence the future of our company.A. to be made B. being madeC. made D. having been made【答案】A【2012 全国】28. Th
39、e party will be held in the garden, weather .A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit【答案】A【2012 全国】32. Film has a much shorter history, especially when_ such art forms as music and painting.A. having compared to B. comparing toC. compare to D. compared to【答案】D【2012 北京】23. One learns a langu
40、age by making mistakes and _ them.A. corrects B. correct C. to correct D. correcting【答案】D【2012 北京】27. _ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.A. Use B. Using C. Used D. To use【答案】C【2012 北京】31. _ at the door before you enter my room, please.A. Knock B. Knocking C. Knocked D. To knock【答案】A【2012 福
41、建】28. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from _ in the South China Sea. A. attacking B. having attacking C. being attacked D. having been attacked【答案】C【2012 福建】34. Pressed from his parents, and _ that he has wasted too much time, th
42、e boy is determined to stop playing video games.A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized【答案】A【2012 陕西】15. _ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad.A. Standing B. To stand C. Stood D. Stand【答案】A【2012 陕西】22. If he takes on this work, he will have no choice b
43、ut _ an even greater challenge.A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet【答案】D【2012 山东】26. George returned after the war, only _ that his wife had left him.A. to be told B. telling C. being told D. told 【答案】A【2012 山东】35. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope _.A.
44、providing B. provided C. having provided D. provide 【答案】B【2012 湖南】21. Weve had a good start, but next, more work needs _ to achieve the final success.A. being done B. do C. to be done D. to do 【答案】C【2012 湖南】23. Time, _ correctly, is money in the bank.A. to use B. used C. using D. use【答案】B【2012 湖南】31
45、. The lecture, _ at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.A. starting B. being starting C. to start D. to be started【答案】A【2012 天津】11. He got up late and hurried to his office, _ the breakfast untouched.A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left【答案】C【2012 江
46、西】33. Having finished her project, she was invited by the school _ to the new students.A. speaking B. having spoken C. to speak D. to have spoken【答案】C【2012 江西】35. John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter _ him it.A. offered B. offering C. to offer D. to be offered【答案】B【20
47、12 辽宁】25. The old couple often take a walk after super in the park with their pet dog _.A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows【答案】B【2012 辽宁】29. This machine is very easy _. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.A. operating B. to be operating C. operated D. to operate【答案】D【2012 四川】6. Tom took a taxi to the airport, only _ his plane high up in the sky.A. finding B. to find C. being found D. to have found【答案】B【2012 四川】8. I l
