1、羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄
2、芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈
3、肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅
4、羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿
5、膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃
6、羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈
7、芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂
8、肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆
9、衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁
10、膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇
11、羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂
12、芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆
13、肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀
14、衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅
15、膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿
16、羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆
17、芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀
18、聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄
19、袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿
20、膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃
21、羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇
22、腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄
23、肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈
24、袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃
25、肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蒂肇羈芇蚇羃羇荿蒀衿羆蒁蚅螅肅膁蒈蚁肄芃蚄罿肄莆蒇羅肃薈螂袁肂芈薅螇肁莀螀蚃肀蒂薃羂聿膂蝿袈膈芄薁螄膈莇螇蚀膇葿薀肈膆艿莃羄膅莁蚈袀膄蒃蒁螆膃膃蚆蚂膂芅葿羁节莇蚅袇芁蒀蒇螃芀腿蚃蝿艿莂蒆肈芈蒄螁羄芇薆薄袀芇芆蝿螆袃莈薂蚁羂蒁螈羀羁膀薁袆羀芃螆袂羀蒅虿螈罿薇蒂肇羈芇蚇羃羇荿蒀衿羆蒁蚅螅肅膁蒈蚁肄芃蚄罿肄莆蒇羅肃薈螂袁肂芈薅螇肁莀螀蚃肀蒂薃羂聿膂蝿袈膈芄薁螄膈莇螇蚀膇葿薀肈膆艿莃羄膅莁蚈袀膄蒃蒁螆膃膃蚆蚂膂芅葿羁节莇蚅袇芁蒀蒇螃芀腿蚃蝿艿莂蒆肈芈蒄螁羄芇薆薄袀芇芆蝿螆袃莈薂蚁羂蒁螈羀羁膀薁袆羀芃螆袂羀蒅虿
26、螈罿薇蒂肇羈芇蚇羃羇荿蒀衿羆蒁蚅螅肅膁蒈蚁肄芃蚄罿肄莆蒇羅肃薈螂袁肂芈薅螇肁莀螀蚃肀蒂薃羂聿膂蝿袈膈芄薁螄膈莇螇蚀膇葿薀肈膆艿莃羄膅莁蚈袀膄蒃蒁螆膃膃蚆蚂膂芅葿羁节莇蚅袇芁蒀蒇螃芀腿蚃蝿艿莂蒆肈芈蒄螁羄芇薆薄袀芇芆蝿螆袃莈薂蚁羂蒁螈羀羁膀薁袆羀芃螆袂羀蒅虿螈罿薇蒂肇羈芇蚇羃羇荿蒀衿羆蒁蚅螅肅膁蒈蚁肄芃蚄罿肄莆蒇羅肃薈螂袁肂芈薅螇肁莀螀蚃肀蒂薃羂聿膂蝿袈膈芄薁螄膈莇螇蚀膇葿薀肈膆艿莃羄膅莁蚈袀膄蒃蒁螆膃膃蚆蚂膂芅葿羁节莇蚅袇芁蒀蒇螃芀腿蚃蝿艿莂蒆肈芈蒄螁羄芇薆薄袀芇芆蝿螆袃莈薂蚁羂蒁 ContentsUnit 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO GEMOLOGY3Part I Text .
27、3Part II Words and Expressions .5Part III Reading Material .6Part IV Business Nature.8Unit 2 WHAT IS A GEM? 10Part I Text .10Part II Words and Expressions .11Part III Reading Material .13Part IV Products（I） .15Unit 3 WHAT ARE SYNTHETIC DIAMONDS 16Part I Text .16Part II Words and Expressions .19Part
28、III Reading Material .21Part IV Products（II） .22Unit 4 COLOR 24Part I Text .24Part II Words and Expressions .26Part III Reading Material .29Part IV Products (III) .31Unit 5 REFRACTIVE INDEX AND REFRACTOMETER33Part I Text .33Part II Words and Expressions .35Part III Reading Material .37Part IV Produc
29、ts (IV)38Unit 6 MAINLAND CHINA：A VAST MARKET FOR COLORED GEMSTONES 39Part I Text .39Part II Words and Expressions .42Part III Reading Material .44Part IV Introduction (I)47Unit 7 MAKE A FASHION STATEMENT WITH GEM-SET JEWELRYS48Part I Text .48Part II Words and Expressions .51Part III Reading Material
30、 .54Part IV Introduction (II) 56Unit 8 HOW DOES NEW TECHNOLOGY BENEFIT THE DIAMOND AND JEWELRY INDUSTRY58Part I Text .58Part II Words and Expressions .60Part III Reading Material .61Part IV Introduction (III).62Unit 9 JEWELRY-MAKING TECHNIQUES OF ANCIENT GREEK 64Part I Text .64Part II Words and Expr
31、essions .71Part III Reading Material .74Part IV Introduction (IV)76Unit 10 THE HISTORY OF LAPIDARY.78Part I Text .78Part II Words and Expressions .85Part III Reading Material .87Part IV Introduction (V).91Unit 11 FIND OUT YOUR BIRTHSTONE 93Part I Text .93Part II Words and Expressions .101Part III Re
32、ading Material .102Part IV Introduction (VI)106Appendix I Gems Nomenclature 108Appendix II Vocabulary.111Unit 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO GEMOLOGYby Don Clark CSMPart I TextGemology is the study of gemstones. Some dictionaries define it as the nonscientific study of gemstones, but it is almost impossible t
33、o remove the scientific element. There may be investors whose only interest is in the value of the stones, but if they ever need to distinguish one gem from another, they are dealing with science.There are many categories of gemologists. For the jeweler it is a key element of their business. They ne
34、ed to be able to answer their customers questions and identify the gems brought into them.The gold smith needs specific knowledge about the physical characteristics of gems. A setting that would be ideal for a diamond would be inappropriate for an opal and vice versa. The amount of pressure used to
35、set the prongs on a garnet would break a tanzanite.Some gems will withstand the heat of repair work that involves high temperature soldering. Some can be left in the setting if steps are taken to moderate the amount of heat they receive. Still others are so heat sensitive they need to be removed.The
36、 lapidary also needs special knowledge. Cutting and polishing techniques vary from gem to gem. What would work well for one material would be a waste of time on another and disastrous on something else.When gem-cutting needs to be given to color management，how the rough is oriented can make a lot of
37、 difference in the appearance of the finished gem. The style of cutting is also a part of color management. The choice of cut can lighten or darken a gem which will have considerable effect in both the appearance and the value of the stone.The choice of a cut, which includes the shape, number and lo
38、cation of facets, also influences the brilliance of the gem. The angles the facets are cut at have to be carefully chosen. Then these factors are balanced, or compromises made, so as to not sacrifice too much material in the pursuit of beauty.Another category of gemologist is the scientist. These ar
39、e people with degrees in geology, chemistry and sometimes physics. While one of the smallest categories of gemologists, they are at the same time one of the most influential.At the heart of gemology is gem identification. Some rubies and garnets are impossible to tell apart from each other by observ
40、ation, but their values are considerably different. A precise and accurate means to tell them apart is absolutely necessary.When dealing with whole crystals, the ruby and garnet are easy to distinguish. Garnets form in the cubic system. While they vary in shape, they tend to be roundish and the numb
41、er of sides is always a multiple of four. Rubies on the other hand, form long thin crystals. They are in the trigonal system and always have three or six sides.Most of the material that gets cut into gems is not found in whole crystals, but in broken pieces. Using the techniques of mineralogy, they
42、are easily distinguished from each other. Scratch tests, where the unknown is scratched by various substances, will determine its hardness. Other useful tests are the reaction to acids and the flame of a blow torch. These are categorized as destructive tests and are obviously inappropriate for cut g
43、ems.For centuries it was the lapidary who was in a position to most easily recognize the differences in like appearing gems. During the cutting process gems get viewed intently, a perspective that no other gemologist has. Identifying inclusions are given a lot of attention, and then as many as possi
44、ble removed. Differences in hardness are readily apparent when cutting and polishing, as are other characteristics.A method needed to be devised where cut gems could be identified without damage. To this end scientists began to first, identify the measurable physical and optical properties of our ge
45、ms. Next they devised instruments to measure these properties. There was a long process of systematically measuring and recording these properties so they could be looked up. (Though well established, this is actually an ongoing process.) Eventually all this got put together into methods that could
46、be used by people without extensive scientific backgrounds or large and expensive laboratory equipment.That is not to say that it doesnt require substantial education to identify gems. It is a large and complex subject that is continuing to increase in complexity as new gems are discovered and new o
47、nes are created in the laboratory. However, one doesnt need a degree in chemistry or physics to simply measure the properties of our gems. The most esoteric part was discovering those properties and creating the tools to measure them.If you are interested in learning about gems the first step would
48、be to learn how they are categorized. Also important in the early stages is learning the terminology used to describe gems. Next you can learn what the physical and optical properties are. When you have this background, you can get into gem identification.Of course there are many side roads to trave
49、l. You may find a fascination with phenomenal gems or their inclusions. Many people find a desire to collect gems and this often leads to making jewelry or learning how to cut gems.Whether your interest is casual or professional, there is much to delight and amaze. It is something you can do from your desk, or something that allows you to get your hands dirty. Plus the subject of gemology is one of those where you will never run out of new elements to discover.Part II Words and Expressionsgemology demldi n. 宝石学 gemstone demstun n. 经雕琢的宝石investor invest n. 投资
