1、非谓语动词用法精讲,非谓语动词使用条件,一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。,She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.,非谓语动词的句法功能,语法特征：在句子中充当谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词叫非谓语动词，包括不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词和过去分词），他们没有人称和数的变化，但保留动词的某些特征：有时态和语态的变化，有否定式，可以带宾语、状语和补语；又具有名词、形容词和副
2、词的特征，在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等成分。语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词的语态。,分词,（一）现在分词与过去分词的区别 1、在语态上，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词2、在时间关系上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词指动作已完成 developing countries, developed countries,（二）分词形式变化的时间关系,1、现在分词： 一般式表示的动作与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生；完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前；被动一般式指一个被动的动作在进行；被动完成式表示一个被动的动作在谓语动词之前已经完成。,2、过去分词： 没有时态和语
3、态的变化，及物动词过去分词表示被动和完成的动作，不及物动词过去分词只表示完成了的动作。,3. 分词作定语,1）现在分词及短语作定语： 表示主动进行的动作，被修饰名词是现在分词动作的执行者，形成主谓关系，可扩展成定语从句；单个的现在分词或一个副词加现在分词作定语，放在被 修饰词之前，而分词短语放在其后；与名词构成一种固定搭配的现在分词也放在其后。 以上情况只限于使用现在分词和现在分词被动式，而现在分词完成式以及现在分词完成被动式不作定语。,现在分词主动一般式：主动，分词的动作正在发生或没有时间 现在分词被动一般式：被动，分词的动作正在发生,This is an interesting book.
4、 She has no parents living. The book mentions something interesting. There is a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light. The bike being repaired is made in Shanghai.,比较： a. 动名词在修饰语前，表示用途，不存在主谓关系，动名词短语不作定语。 This is a swimming pool. The sleeping girl is her sister.,b. 现在分词是与修饰词形成主谓关系，如表示正在进
5、行的动作可换成定语从句；如表示状态或瞬间性动作则用一般式。 The girl standing at the gate is her sister. = The girl who is standing at the gate is her sister. The woman holds a sleeping child. = The woman holds a child who is sleeping. Barking dogs seldom bite. = Dogs that bark seldom bite.,分词作定语注意情况： 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同
6、时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。即现在分词不宜带有明确的时间状语 【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. 【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. 昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。 The man coming here yesterday is a pianist. The man who came here yesterday is a pianist. , 动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语
7、，不作定语。两个分词所表示的时间有先后，不用分词作定语表示先时性。 【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。 Do you know anyone having lost a cat? Do you know anyone who has lost a cat? ,c. 不定式作定语，指将来的时间
8、，与被修饰词形成主谓、动宾、同位关系或修饰关系。 The next train to arrive was from New York. This is the material _ in the lab tomorrow. A. tested B. testing C. being tested D. to be tested,比较： The school to be built is intended for the disabled children. 即将要建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。 The school being built is intended for the disable
9、d children. 正在建设的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。 The school built last year is intended for the disabled children. 去年建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。,. The picture_ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in you
10、r mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed . The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt,2） 过去分词作定语,表示被动完成的动作，与被修饰词形成被动关系，表示动作在位于动词前已经完成或没有具体的时间；单个的过去分词或一个副词加过去分词作定语常放在被
11、修饰词之前；过去分词短语则在其后；而某些动词意味较强的单个过去分词也放在名词之后，起强调作用。,A lost opportunity never returns. 机不可失，时不在来。 Its one of the problems solved at the meeting. = Its one of the problems that have been solved at the meeting. Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。,a. 前置定语 单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。 A watched p
12、ot never boils. 心急锅不开。 All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. 所有的坏门窗都修好了。 When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。,b. 后置定语 作后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。 We have read many novels written by this author. 我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。 (= that are
13、 written by this author) Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。 (= who had been invited to the reception),The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。 (= which was attended by one thousand student
14、s) A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。 (= who was dressed like a lawyer),找定语: Does the boy doing his homework settled by his teacher has any reading materials to go over?,c. 动词ed形式作定语和ing形式作定语的区别： 动词-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成，而动词-ing形式作定语表示动词正在进行。 the rise
15、n sun 升起了的太阳 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 boiled water 开水 fallen leaves 落叶 boiling water 正沸腾的水 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 changed condition 改变了的情况 changing condition 变化着的情况 developed countries 发达国家 developing countries 发展中国家,. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. A. knowin
16、g B. known C. being known D. to be known . The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded . The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses _ vacation to China. A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D.
17、 being paid . The repairs cost a lot ,but its money well _. Ato spend BSpent Cbeing spent DSpending,4、分词作状语 1）概况：用分词及分词短语作状语，它的逻辑主语一般与句子的主语相一致，如不一致，可加上自己的，构成独立主格结构，同时要考虑与主语的关系；作结果、伴随状况时，常放在句末，而其它形式的状语常放在句首。,2）现在分词作状语，通常表示主语正在进行的另一动作，对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬，与句子的主语是主动关系；现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语；如果分词表示的动
18、作先于谓语动词 的动作常用分词完成式。,A) 分词一般式可作时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式、伴随情况等状语。,时间状语（表示“一做就”，“在期间”， 强调分词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，有时前面可加when, while等） Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy. While reading, I fell asleep.,原因状语（相当于原因状语从句，有时可看成时间状语从句） Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note. = As he saw nobody at
19、home, he decided to leave them a note.,Not knowing what to do, he had to ask his teacher. = Because he didnt know what to do, he had to ask his teacher. He caught cold sitting on the ground. 他坐在地上着了凉。（可看成时间状语从句）,条件状语（相当于条件状语从句） Working hard, you will succeed. = If you work hard, you will succeed.,让步
20、状语（相当于让步状语从句，强调时可加上although, though） Working hard, he didnt feel a bit tired. = Though he worked hard, he didnt feel a bit tired.,方式状语（相当于方式状语从句） Traveling by car, the students visited many places.,结果状语（相当于结果状语从句，分词前可加thus, thereby等强调，逻辑主语通常是前面的全句，分词只能用瞬间性动词，放在谓语动词之后，表示谓语动词发生的必然结果） The poor old man
21、died, leaving nothing to his children. I fell, striking my head against the door and cutting it.,伴随状语（其动词必须与谓语动词同时发生，可以转换成谓语动词连动式并列结构） The girls came in, following their parents. They stayed at home all day, giving the house a thorough cleaning. He sat on a chair, reading a magazine. He lay on the g
22、rass, staring at the sky for a long time. = .and stared at the sky for a long time 他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。,比较提示： 动词不定式作状语更多地作目的、原因、结果。作原因状语时常放在表示感情、心理活动的形容词后面；作结果状语时常用在某些固定结构中或表示意想不到或出乎意料的结果。,e.g._a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter. A. Not receiving B. Not to receive C. Not having received D. Havi
23、ng not received,C,没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用having done ;此题又是表否定含义，分词的否定式为not doing/not having done; 故选 c,动词-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it. 如动词-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。 【误】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautifu
24、l. (looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对) 【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden. 【误】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking.(逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报) 【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.,B) 现在分词完成式可作状语。,这种形式表示分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，或二者间
25、有较长的时间间隔，句子主语与分词之间是主动关系，常作时间、原因状语；在转换成从句时从句用完成时态。,Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. = As he hadnt received a reply, he decided to write again. Having met my friend, I went back with him to his house. = After meeting my friend, I went back with him to his house. = After I had me
26、t my friend, I went back with him to his house.,C) 现在分词被动一般式可作状语。,一般情况下，现在分词被动一般式不充当状语，但如果动作当时正在进行或与谓语动词动作同时发生，与句子主语是被动关系，可用现在分词被动一般式，但这种形式常由过去分词替代。,Caught /Being caught in the rain, he was all wet. (Being) frightened by the fire, the animals all ran away.,D) 现在分词被动完成式可作状语。,这种形式作状语的时间特征表示动作发生在谓语动词之前
27、，与句子主语是被动关系，常作时间、原因状语，但多数情况下，由过去分词替代。,Having been shown how to use the computer, we began to practise. = Shown how to use the computer, we began to practise. = After we had been shown how to use the computer, we began to practise.,注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。 时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。 语态性。
28、与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。 人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。,、He glanced over at her, _ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. A.noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted 、_ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A.Not completing B. Not completed C. No
29、t completing D. Not having completed The manager, _ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meeting room. Awho has made Bhaving made Cmade Dmaking,The storm left , _a lot of damage to this area . Acaused Bto have caused Cto cause Dhaving caused _from other continents for millions of yea
30、rs, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. ABeing separated BHaving separated CHaving been separated DTo be separated,3）过去分词作状语,过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，用来说明谓语动作发生的背景或情况，与句子主语是被动关系，逻辑主语 就是句子的主语 ，常可表示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式、伴随情况等。,（1）作原因状语 Tired by the trip, he soon felt a
31、sleep. Lost in thought , he almost ran into a car. （2）作时间状语 Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden. When asked to make a speech, she said she would be glad to do so.,（3）作条件状语 Given more time, I would have worked out the problem. United, we stand; divided,we fall. （3）作让步状语 (Though) beaten b
32、y opposite team, the players didnt lose confidence and practised even harder. （5）伴随状语 The teacher came in, followed by some students. = The teacher came in, and was followed by some students.,分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如：Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at ho
33、me looking after him.,_ with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all . A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared . _ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing,1
34、、否定结构 not + V.ing Not having heard from her for long, he felt worried. Not allowed to bring the children, she went there without them.,（四）分词的各种结构,2、独立主格结构 分词作状语，逻辑主语应与句子的主语 相一致，如不一致，可在分词前加上自己的主语，这种主语是由形容词性物主代词/名词通格+分词构成的，这种结构就叫独立主格结构。在句中作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况，可扩展成状语从句，可放在句首或句中；这种形式的主语与分词是主动关系用现在分词，
35、是被动关系用过去分词。,1）时间状语 Class being over, the students went home. Her supper finished, she went out for a walk. 2）原因状语 Her father having fallen ill, she had to go to school by herself. His leg hurt, he had to be sent to hospital. 3）条件状语 More time given, he would be able to do better. Weather permitting,
36、well go to the Great Wall tomorrow.,4）方式状语 Before liberation, he made a living, vegetables sold. His eyes looking at the picture, he was lost in thought. 5）伴随情况 He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. =He was lying on the grass, and his hands was crossed under his head.,6）形式选择中应
37、注意的问题 a、现在分词或过去分词？ 在独立结构中主格词与分词之间形成逻辑主谓关系，表现为主动语态，用现在分词；当他们形成逻辑动宾关系，表现为被动语态时，用过去分词。 在独立主格结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词之前，常用现在分词完成式。如： The snow having stopped, she went out to sweep the snow in the yard.,现在分词与过去分词的性质完全不同，但在独立结构中，现在分词的被动式有时可以简化为过去分词。如：,As her skirt was caught on a nail, she could not move.,Her
38、 skirt being caught on a nail, she could not move.,Her skirt caught on a nail, she could not move.,After his work had been finished, he went home.,His work having been finished, he went home.,His work finished, he went home.,2、分词结构或是独立结构,独立结构常常可看作是由主从复合句中的从句变来的，但是如果从句和主句的主语相同，则不可改为独立结构。,Since he was
39、 very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.,不可改为： He being very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.,但可改为： Being very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.,3. 主语一致结构,. Having been attacked by terrorists, _.A. doctor
40、s came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists While watching television, _. Athe doorbell rang Bthe doorbell rings Cwe heard the doorbell ring Dwe heard the doorbell rings,常用作定语和状语，作状语时可表示时间、原因、 方式、伴随情况等；分词与with的宾语是主动关系用现在分
41、词，如是被动关系 用过去分词。,4. with的复合结构 with + 名词/代词宾格+ 分词,1）作状语 The boy cant do his homework, with his sister singing in the room. With her well taken care of, I felt very pleased. 2）作定语 The students with his mother looking after passed the exam. The blue bottler with it filled with water is mine.,. I couldnt
42、 do my homework with all that noise _. A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on _ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctors help to end her life. AHaving given up hope of cure BWith no hope for cureCThere being hope for cure DIn the ho
43、pe of cure,非谓语动词,不定式infinitive,动名词gerund,分词 participle,可充当成分: 主语, 宾语, 宾语补足语, 表语, 定语, 状语.,一、不定式,不定式的构成是指不定式符号to 加上动词原形，表示具体的意义，指一次性行为、动作。不定式短语是指不定式和它的宾语或状语构成的词组。,不定式各种形式的时间含义：一般式:表示动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后；完成式:在谓语之前；进行式强调在谓语动词的同时；被动式是指主语是被动关系，表示被动的动作。,1.不定式作主语,To lose your heart means failure. It t
44、ook me only five minutes to finish the job. To do two things at a time is to do neither,如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for 引起的短语。 It is easy for the students to read. It will be a mistake for us to help you.,在“It is + 形容词 + of sb + 不定式”结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, rig
45、ht, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。在“It is + 形容词 + for sb + 不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。,比 较 It is good of you to help me with my English. 你真好，帮助我学英语。 (强调you的特征=You are go
46、od to help me.) It is good for you to give up smoking. 戒烟对你有好处。 (强调的是give up smoking这一行为= For you to give up smoking is good.),2.不定式作宾语,有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语: afford, promise, refuse, expect, hope, learn, offer, wish, want, fail, plan, agree, forget, like, prefer, decide, manage, arrange, desire, try, dete
47、rmine、,一般情况下不定式都要to ，help可要可不要；不定式有它自己的补语，要用it 作形式宾语。 You neednt bother to come yourself. They are considering what to do next. Some who were famous in their own times would find it difficult to achieve success today.,. I dont want _ like I m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager s plan is unfair. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded . I think youll grow _ him when you know him better. Aliking Bto be like Cto like Dto be liking,. I dont know whether you happen , but I m going to study in the U.S.A. this September . Ato be heard Bto be hearing Cto hear Dto have heard,
