1、介词的用法一.表示时间日期的介词1 at:主要表示方向、场所、时间的某一点at the corner of the street,at dinner,at sixty miles an hour,be sold at three yuan a dozen,come at us固定搭配: at one time,at the beginning of,at the post office,at the airport, at the weekend,at the age of 25,at the same time, at present,at any time,表示原因,表示“见/闻而” 。
2、at the newsat 主要表示时间点表示特定的时间 at night a.m. 在九点钟 表示不确定的时间 at night, at that time, at Christmas 在圣诞期间 当天 on表示年龄段 at the age of eight 在 8 岁2 in:表示场所、时间与期限、状况、方向。主要用来表示较长的时间单位,如月份、季节、年份等in the 1990s in the late 19th century形成“in+时段名词”的词组或固定搭配in those days,in the daytime,in a short while,in no time,in ti
3、me.in 主要表示时间段一般指相对较长的时间段里 in the morning, in spring, in the past ten years在时间之后,用于将来时 He will be back in a month.介词 in在短语或句型中的省略:1) 某些形容词/过去分词后接 v-ing形式时,v-ing 形式前的介词 in可以省略。be busy (in) doing be engaged (in) doing (忙于)2) 某些动词如 busy等,常与反身代词连用,其后的 in也可以省略。busy oneself (in) doing 3) 某些动词如 spend、pass、w
4、aste 等与表示时间的名词连用,后面的介词也可以省略。spend time (in) doing waste time (in) doing4) 在 have no difficulty in doing sth.、have no trouble in doing sth.、have no business in doing sth.等句型中介词也可以省略。5) 在句型 There is no use (in)doing sth.中,介词也可省略。固定搭配:in the world,in (the)future,in the snow /rain / storm,in ink,in shor
5、t,in public, in ones opinion,in modern times,in surprise,in a queue,in the open air3 on:主要表示在上面、根据或基础、有关或涉及的方面、表示某天。固定搭配:on doing sth.,on the afternoon of October,on Tuesday evening,on foot,hit sb. on the head,on the right/ left,on fire,on duty,on sale,on the radio, on show,on earth,on ones own注意:一般
6、带有宗教色彩的节日名词前面用 at,如圣诞节。一般的节日名词前用 on。on 主要指具体某一天表示是具体的日期和星期 on Monday, on October 1st,1949. on my birthday某一天特定的上午下午或半夜 on the night of December 31,1999. on a fine day在第几天 on her first day to school, on the tenth day I was in Beijing.4 by 主要表示接近、时限、动作的执行者、方式。固定搭配:by the village, by oneself,by foot(=o
7、n foot),by hand,learn by heart,二.表示地点,方位的介词5 for 主要表示目的、原因、交换值以及时间和距离的长度。固定搭配:make sth. for sb., thank sb. for sth., for example, for sale,for free,for 表示一段时间表示一件事延续的长短,一般接具体的时间 I have lived in Nanjing for 2 years.6 of 表示部分与全体的关系、所有关系、来源和所用的材料。of所有格表示的多种关系:1) 从属关系:the wheel of the car2) 局部-整体关系:some
8、 of the water3) 量化关系:a cup of tea4) 描述关系:a professor of learning(知识丰富的教授)5) 同位关系: the city of Beijing6) 动宾关系:the study of the map(研究地图)7) 主谓关系:the determination of the workers(工人们的决心)固定搭配: be fond of,make fun of,be tired of,of ones own,instead of,7 to 主要表示方向、程度、结果、关系和位置。固定搭配 to ones surprise / joy/
9、astonishment,to the east of,key to,come up to,add up to,be open to the public, thanks to, stick to,refer to8.during 表示一段时间在期间内,强调在此期间内发生了什么事 yI studied in this university for 4 years, during that time most of my time was spent in learning English.可接表示时间延续一段时间的名词 during my visit to China, during my h
10、oliday9.from 与 to, till 连用Most people work from nine to five. 多数人过着朝九晚五的生活10.since,since+时间点 从那一刻起,与现在完成与过去完成时连用He has been here since last Sunday. 自从上星期天起,她就在这里四、 容易错、常考的介词及搭配1 be made of,be made from,be made into,be made in2 call on = visit,call for = go and pick up3 on business (出差)/ strike()罢工 /
11、 duty(值日) / holiday / fire / vacation / watch(警戒) / sale(出售) / leave(请假) / guard(警戒)4 have some trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth.,have a habit / idea / plan of doing sth.5 A is pleased to B,B is pleased with A(对感到满意)7 with the help of,under the leadership of8 by means of(使用) ,by way of(经由) ,by he
12、art(记住) ,by the way9 out of question(毫无疑问) ,out of the question(毫不可能)10 prevent / stop / keep sb. from doing sth.11 be thankful to sb. for sth.12 steal sth. from sb.,rob sb. of sth.13 insist on doing sth.,persist in doing sth.,stick to,go on doing sth.14 set about doing sth.,set out to do sth.15 loo
13、k sb. in the face,hit sb. on the face,lead the cow by the nose16 do a favour for sb. = do sb. a favour五、 介词的惯用型1 above all(首先) ,after all,at all(全然) ,in all2 day after day,year after year,one after one,one after another3 at peace(和平) ,at war(战争) ,at times(时常) ,at dinner4 by oneself,by all means(尽一切办
14、法、务必) ,by chance,by accident,by no means(决不、并没有) ,by means of(用、依靠) ,by the way5 in her teens(十几岁) ,in pain,in danger,in need6 to ones joy / sorrow / surprise7 with care(仔细地) ,with joy / pleasure(高兴地) ,with ones help,with the best wishes(致以我们良好的祝愿) ,without difficulty(毫不困难地) ,without exception(毫不例外)
15、 ,without delay(立即、马上)8 according to(依据) ,along with(和一起) ,as to(至于) ,because of,except for(除之外) ,instead of(代替)9 out of order(不正常) ,out of date,out of trouble(脱离困境) ,out of sight,out of debt(还清了债务) ,out of touch(没有联系)10 at the bottom of,at the centre of,at the end of,at the top of,at the cost of(以为
16、代价)at the sight of,at the thought of,at a speed of11 in memory of(纪念) ,in favour of(同意) ,in the habit of(有习惯) ,in touch with(与保持联系) ,on the left of,on the eve of(在前夕)12 from time to time(不时地) , from day to day(天天) , from hand to hand(一个传一个) ,from side to side(左右地) ,from car to car(一个车厢一个车厢地) ,from b
17、ad to worse(越来越差) ,from beginning to end(从头到尾) ,from hand to mouth(仅能糊口) ,from head to foot,from start to finish,from one to another六.掌握方式、手段、工具的表达方法1)in +文字、语言、材料名词in English (ink, pencil, capital letters) write in pen, 用钢笔写 speak in a low voice 小声说话2) with +工具、机器;人体器官;情绪、情感、态度的名词with a branch, wit
18、h ones nose, with pride, with satisfaction, with the help of, with ones permission We can see with our eyes and write with our hands.I killed a fly with a fly flap. 我用苍蝇拍打死了一只苍蝇3) by 表示泛指的方式、手段by bus, by land, by means of(用方法), by way of(经由) , by doing sth., by hand(手工), by post(由邮局传递), by letter(用写
19、信的方式), by electricity, by hard work, by the year, by the hour(by + the + 单位名词) 按4) 其它表示方式(情况、状况、手段)的表示法through the radio / by radio / on the radio, through / by / from practice, by telephone (on the telephone), on foot, on the train, in satisfaction, in surprise, in silence, in a low voice, in comfo
20、rt, in sorrow, in high / good / poor spirits,in anger, in safety, in debt, in good order, in good / poor health, in tears,in use, in pain, 七、 注意:某些名词和介词的固定搭配1) 要求 to:key, answer, visit, apology, introduction以 to为中心构成短语的归纳belong to, come to(苏醒), look forward to, lead to, stick to, refer to, turn to,
21、drink to(为干杯), object to(反对), reply to the letter, help oneself to, sing / dance to the music(和着在声中唱/跳), devote oneself to2) 要求 in:interest, satisfaction3)以 for为中心构成短语的归纳ask for, call for(去接某人), care for(关心), go in for(从事), answer for(对负责), send for, pay for, praise sb. for(赞扬某人某事), head for(向方向移动),
22、 search for, take for (误以为), leave for, prepare for(为准备), thank sb. for, make a dive for(向猛冲), make up for(弥补损失)4)以 on为中心构成短语的归纳come on来吧, call on拜访, pass on传递, carry on进行下去, live on sth.靠生活, depend on依靠, have on穿着, have pity on同情, look on as 把看作, push on推动, spy on窥探, switch / turn on旋开, wait on服侍,
23、walk on继续走, spendon 在上花费时间、金钱, operate on 给动手术, take on a new look 呈现新面貌 八、 某些形容词和介词的固定搭配1) be afraid of 担心 be afraid for 替而担心2) be angry about / at sth.因而生气 be angry with sb.对某人发怒3) be anxious for sth.渴望 be anxious about sth. / sb.担心4) be different from 与不同 be indifferent to 不关心5) be good at 擅长 be
24、good for 对有益 be good of sb. to do sth.友好6) be strict with sb.对严格 be strict in sth.7) be popular with sb.受到欢迎 be popular in some place流行在 be popular for因而流行8) be pleased with + n.或 what从句;be pleased at +抽象名词 听、看到而高兴9) be disappointed at sth. ;be disappointed with sb.对失望10) be known to sb. ;be known w
25、ith + n.或从句 ;be known for 因而著名11) be absent from 缺席12) be devoted to 献身于13) be open to 对开放14) be poor / clever / expert at 15) be sorry for 替/为后悔16) be rich in be interested in 17) be proud of (take pride in)18) be satisfied with / by be sure of / about 19) be fond of, be fit for, be busy with sth.
26、(in doing sth.)20) be late for, be ready for21) be similar to ;be wrong with 九、吊尾介词1) 某些形容词后接不及物动词或“V+介”型短语动词的不定式形式表“反射” ,常用吊尾介词。A) fit, easy, hard, good, difficult, comfortable, heavy等形容后,常用吊尾介词。e.g. The girl is easy to get along with.B) be worth doing, be worthy of being done, be worthy to be done
27、, want / require / need doing表反射,常用吊尾介词。e.g. The problem is worth dealing with.The book is worthy of being referred to.2) 不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场所、工具、手段、方式、材料等”意义的名词时常带吊尾介词。e.g. There is nothing for us to worry about. a room to live in3) 定语从句中,先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰,则不及物动词后要带介词,先行词被“V+介”组成的短语动词所修饰,介词常在句尾。e.g. H
28、e is the very man I just spoke to. This is the life he is used to.4) 以 what,whose,who,whatever 等引导的宾语从句、表语从句中常出现“吊尾介词” 。e.g. I dont know what you do it for.5) 强调句型和特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更,常出现吊尾介词。在上下文意义清楚时,特殊疑问句常用省简结构。e.g. It is the poor boy that we gave the books to.What for?(为什么?)Where to?(去哪儿?)Who
29、with?(和谁去?)6) 被动语态中“V+介”短语常用吊尾介词。e.g. He was listened to come here. He has never been spoken to in this way.十常用介词辨异1 about, on, of 关于on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于“学术上”的“论文”或“演说”等题目,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读,有“论及”之意。about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式,有“述及”之意。of作“关于”讲,表示提及、涉及某人(事)时,只表示事情存在或发生,并不涉及详情;有时与about意义相近,但有时意义很不同,常与动词 know、h
30、ear、learn(听说) 、speak、talk、think、tell 等连用。2. at, on, in(表时间 ) : at 表示时间的一点; in 表示一个时期;on 表示特殊日子A. at 后常接几点几分,天明,中午,日出,日落,开始等。如: at five oclock (五点),at down (黎明),at daybreak (天亮),at sunrise (日 出), at noon (中午),at sunset (日落),at midnight (半夜),at the beginning of the month (月初),at that time (那时), at tha
31、t moment (那会儿),at this time of day (在一天的这个时候)。 B. in 后常接年,月,日期,上午,下午,晚上,白天,季节,世纪等。如: in 2006(2006 年),in May,2004 (2004 年五月),in the morning (早晨/上午),in the afternoon (下午), in the evening (晚上),in the night (夜晚),in the daytime (白天),in the 21st century (21 世纪), in three days (weeks/month)三天(周/ 个月),in a w
32、eek (一周),in spring (春季)。 C. on 后跟某日,星期几,某日的朝夕,节日等,即具体某一天极其早中、晚.on Sunday (星期日),on a warm morning in April (四月的一个温暖的上午),on a December night (12 月的一个夜晚),on that afternoon (那天下午),on the following night (下一个晚上),on Christmas afternoon (圣诞节下午),on October 1,1949 (1949 年 10 月 1 日),on New Years Day.(特别提示): 在
33、 last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词at, in in 一般表示较大的地方 at 表示较小的地方at home, at school, at the bus stop, at the doctors, in a country, in a town, in the street,3. between, among(表位置 ) “在之间”A. between 仅用于二者之间,但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时,也可用between, 如 Im sitting between Tom and Alice. The village
34、lies between three hills. B. among 用于三者或三者以上之间。如: He is the best among the students. 4. except, except for, except that, but, besides, besideexcept“除之外” ,指不包括,后面常接名词、代词(人称代词常用宾格) ,还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式,此时相当于 but,但不定式常不带 to。except for“除了,只有” ,意思和 except一样,主要指说明基本情况后,而在细节上加以修正,后面常接名词性短语。except that“除了,只是”
35、,意思和 except、except for一样。但在用法上,主要指其后常接名词性从句,也可接 when、where 等词引导的其它从句。but所含“除外”的意思不如 except明确。but 多用在代词(主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词)之后。besides表示“除外还有” ,所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外,besides 可用作副词,相当于 also,有“而且,加之,何况”之意。beside也是介词,表示“在附近” ,只不过形似 besides,容易相互混淆。【对比】如果在区别前后有同类的词语时,就用 except,否则就用 except for。e.g.This book ha
36、s no blunder except a few mistakes.This book is interesting except for a few mistakes.(前面无同类词语)Every one of us, except him, went to see the exhibition.5. in the tree, on the tree in the tree ,指动物或人等外来的东西在树上,on the tree ,指果实或叶子等树本身长出来的东西6. on the way, by the way, in this way on the way 指在路上, on ones
37、way to .by the way 指顺便问一句in this way 用这样的方法 , in that way , in other way, in these ways7. by bus, on the bus by bus 是一般说法, 固定搭配, on the bus 特指乘某一辆车8. across, through, over 和 past“通过, 经过”across 从表面经过, 如,road, bridge, river through 从内部空间经过, 如: city, woods, forests, window, gatepast , 从旁边经过.through 指“穿
38、过(门洞/ 人群/树林)”; across 和 over 可以指“ 跨越(街道/ 河流)”,可互换, 但是表示“翻过”时只能用 over. 如:Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座桥)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他们翻过大山提前到达了那里 )/ The visitors went through a big gate into a
39、nother park.(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园)8. on, above, over, “ 在 上”, up, A. on 指在某物表面上,有接触点 a book on the table B. over 指在某物垂直上方,无接触点,也可指覆盖在某物上, 与 under 相对 under 表示在下方 I put the money under the bed. 我把钱放在床底下a cloth over the table , a fan over the table C. above 指在某物的上方即可 ,不一定是垂直上方是斜上方反义词为 below ,He lives abov
40、e me 他住我家楼上(不一定就是头上一间 ) The temperature today is above zero.今天气温零度以上 .D. up 表示在往上的方向 反义词 down look up to the sky 抬头看天空 about 与 on 的用法区别:都可以表示“有关”,但是 about 的意义比较广,而 on 主要表示“有关(专题/课程)”。如:Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(汤姆要作一个美国历史的报告)/ They are very excited talking about the comi
41、ng field trip.(他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游 )on 表示两事物表面接触 Put away the books on the desk. 把桌上的书收好over 除了要接触,还有覆盖的含义,over 表示正上方There is a bridge over the river. 河上有一座桥9. for , since,A. since 仅说明什么时候开始,, 后常跟一个具体的过去的时间 .B. for 表示某动作或情况持续多久, 后常跟一段时间。He has studied the piano for 5 years They have lived here since
42、 1978.since 与 for 表示时间的用法区别:“ since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从起一直到现在” ,“for +(一段时间 )”表示“ 总共有 之久”,都常用于完成时态;如:Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自从1970年起就在这家工厂工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30 多年)10. after, behind, “在之后” A. after 主要用于表示时间B. behind
43、主要用于表示位置11. in, after “以后”A. “in +段时间” 表示将来的一段时间以后, 用在将来时态中., 常回答 how soon 的提问.B. “after+段时间 ”表示过去的一段时间以后, 相当于 一段时间+ laterMy mother will come back in three or four days.He arrived after five months. = He arrived five minutes later. .in , after , later in + 一段时间 . 常用 一般将来时。after + 一段时间 . 常用一般过去时。afte
44、r + 点时间 . 用各种时态。一段时间 later 过去时12. 放在地点之前的介词:at, in, on A. at (1)表示在小地方 ; (2)表示“在附近,旁边”B. in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在范围之内”。C. on 表示毗邻,接壤D. to 表示在范围外,不强调是否接壤 after 与 in 表示时间的用法区别:“ after+(具体时刻/ 从句)”表示“ 在时刻之后”常用于一般时态;“in+(一段时间) ”表示“ 在( 多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如:He said that he would be here after 6:00.( 他说他六点钟之后会来这儿
45、)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来)13. by, with, in , on 表示方式, 手段,工具,A. by 以方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具, 或跟 V-ing 形式.B. with 表示用 工具, C. in 表示用 方式,用 语言(语调、颜色)等D. on 表示通过媒介, on the telephone, on the radio, on TVby、in 与 with 表示方式的用法区别:都可以表示“工具、手段” ,但是 by 主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以 方式”
46、 ,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in 表示“ 使用”某种语言/文字,with 表示“ 使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章 )/ Lets go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的)14.as 与 like 的区别:两个词都表示“ 像” ,但是 as 译为“ 作为”,表示的
47、是职业、职务、作用等事实,而 like 译为“像一样 ”,表示外表,不是事实。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父亲的身份和你讲话。 )(说话者是听者的父亲) / Let me speak to you like a father.(让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话)(说话者不是听者的父亲)15. at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end 的用法区别:at the end of既可以表示时间也可以表示地点 ,译为“ 在末;在尽头”, 常与过去时连用;by the end of只能表示时间,译为 “在前;
48、到为止”,常用于过去完成时; in the end 与 at last 基本等义 ,表示“终于、最后 ”,通常用于过去时;to the end 译为 “到的终点为止”,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如:By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上学期期末我们已经学习了第三册16个单元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的尽头你能找到一幢有棕色窗户的白房子)/ They left for B
49、eijing at the end of last week.(上周末他们动身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.(他最终在期末考试中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我们应该把工作干到底 )/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿这条路走到底就能看见一家邮电局)16.for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment 的区别:for a moment“一会儿、片刻 ”(=for a while),常与持续性动词连用;for the moment“暂时、目前” ,常用于