1、1英语语法入门 崔荣容第一讲 语序和五种基本句式He learns English every day. 他每天学习英语。（中英语序不同）英语五种基本句式一、主+谓二、主+系+表 系动词：起到联系作用的动词，连接主语与表语。表语：描述主语的身份、性质、特征、状态三、主+谓+宾主语：动作发出者谓语：作出的动作宾语：动作的对象四、主+谓+间宾+直宾间宾：通常是人直宾：通常是物五、主+谓+宾+宾补宾补：对宾语的补充说明一、主+谓The universe remains.宇宙长存中英文语序一致二、主+系+表The food is delicious.这个食物很好吃中英文语序一致三、主+谓+宾He to
2、ok his bag and left.（left 是第二个谓语）他拿着他的包离开了中英文语序一致2四、主+谓+间宾+直宾Her father bought her a dictionary. buy sb sth（双宾语）她爸爸给她买了一本词典 （her 与 a dictionary，两个宾语，一个是人、一个是物）中英文语序一致五、主+谓+宾+宾补We made him our monitor.我们选他当班长 （him 与 our monitor，都是指同一个人，our monitor 是对him 的补充说明）中英文语序一致Nothing is impossible to a willing
3、 heart!有志者事竟成！第二讲 be 动词的形式和用法一、be 动词的形式：be 、am 、is、are、was 、were、being 、been1、 The man is back.2、 They are back.3、 He was back.4、 They were back.5、 They have been back.6、 Ill be back.上述“back”是副词，构成主系表结构。二、be 动词的用法：起到联系前后的作用(一般翻译为“是” ，或无实意而不作翻译)，多用于主系表结构。后面接名词、形容词、地点副词或短语作补足语成分。1、 The man is a teache
4、r. a teacher 是名词2、 Marys new dresses are colorful. colorful 是形容词33、 My mother was in the kitchen. in the kitchen 是地点副词。4、 I am 20. 数词也可做表语5、 Its me. 代词也可做表语三、be 动词的练习1、 他们是老师They are teachers.2、 他曾是一名老师He was a teacher before.3、 他已经当了 3 年的老师He has been a teacher for 3 years.第三讲 be 动词的否定/提问/回答一、be 动词
5、的否定在 am、is 、are、was 、were 后面加 not缩略式 am not，isnt,arent,wasnt,werent1、 The man isnt back.2、 I am not back.3、 They arent back.4、 He wasnt back.5、 They werent back.二、使用 be 动词提问和回答Is he a teacher？Yes,he is./No,he isnt.Are you a teacher?Yes,I am./No,I am not.Were they teachers?Yes,they were./No,they were
6、nt.4三、be 动词的练习：1、 他是医生吗？Is he a doctor?不，他不是No,he isnt.2、 他们昨天在教室吗？Were they in the classroom yesterday?Yes,they were./No,they werent.3、 他们昨天不在教室They werent in the classroom yesterday.第四讲 代词的主格和宾格主格代词：I he she it you we they1、I am a teacher.2、He is a teacher.3、You are teachers.宾格代词：me him her it you
7、 us them1、 He likes me.2、 We like her.3、 I like them.练习1、 我喜欢它I like it.2、他们认识他They know him.第五讲 名词性/形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词：（后接名词）单数形式：my your his/her/its ones5复数形式：our your their1、 This is my book.2、 We love our motherland.3、 Those are your socks.名词性物主代词：单数形式：mine yours his/hers/its ones复数形式：ours yours t
8、heirs1、 The book is ours.2、 The apple is hers.练习1、 我的老师是中国人My teacher is Chinese.2、 这个电脑是他们的This computer is theirs.3、 我们的书在书架上Our book is on the shelf.主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词I me my mine myselfyou you your yours yourselfhe him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itselfwe us our o
9、urs ourselvesyou you your yours yourselvesthey them their theirs themselves第六讲 反身代词单数 myself yourself himself herself itself复数 ourselves yourselves themselves6反身代词的用法：（指某人自己，通常是主语的“自己” ）1、 Please help yourself to some fish.请随便吃些鱼吧yourself 在动词 help 后作宾语。2、 We enjoyed ourselves last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心our
10、selves 在动词 enjoyed 后作宾语。3、 The thing itself is not important.这件事本身不重要反身代词 itself 在名词 The thing 后作同位语，起到解释、说明名词的作用。练习1、 Take good care of（yourself ） 照顾好2、 She gained control of (herself ) 控制住了第七讲 实意动词的特征实意动词 come go read watch play fly1、He comes from Shenyang.实意动词 comes 作谓语，后接介词短语 from Shenyang 作宾语动词
11、 come 有一般现在时“单三”的变化2、She is reading story books.实意动词 reading 作谓语，后接动词 story books 作宾语动词 read 有现在进行时的变化3、They went to America yesterday.动词 go 有一般过去时“went”的变化4、We have watched the game for three times.动词 watch 有现在完成时“watched”的变化现在完成时：动作已经发生或对现在造成影响5、My mother will fly back to China next month.7一般将来时：w
12、ill+动词原形总结：实意动词有时态与数量（三单）上的变化练习：1、他昨天来上海了He came to ShangHai yesterday.2、我们正在写作业We are writing homework.3、他们读这本书已经读 3 遍了They have read this book three times.第八讲 实意动词的否定/提问/回答(一般现在时与一般过去时)使用助动词进行否定在助动词 do does did 后面加 notdo not/dontdoes not/doesntdid not/didnt例句：1.I dont go to school by bus.2.She doe
13、snt watch TV everyday.3.They didnt swim last night.使用助动词进行提问1.He often plays golf.Does he often play golf?Yes,he does./No,he doesnt.2.They go to school by bus.Do they go to school by bus?8Yes they do./No,they dont.3.Sam had breakfast yesterday.Did Sam have breakfast yesterday?Yes,he did./No,he didnt
14、.练习：1.他每天都学英语吗？Does he learn English everyday?是的，他每天都学英语Yes,he does.2.Tom 昨天没吃早饭Tom didnt have breakfast yesterday.第九讲 使用疑问词进行提问和回答（1）(一般现在时与一般过去时)使用疑问词进行提问when,where,who,what,how时间、地点、人物、干什么、怎样例句He bought three books yesterday.1 2 31.Who bought three books yesterday? 对主语提问，原语序不变2.What did he buy ye
15、sterday? 对宾语提问时，将助动词提前，并还原动词。3.When did he buy three books?对状语提问时，将助动词提前，并还原动词。They wanted to go to ShangHai by air.1 2 391.Who wanted to go to ShangHai by air?2.Where did they want to go by air?3.How did they want to go to ShangHai?第十讲 使用疑问词进行提问和回答（2）使用疑问词进行提问how long, how far, how often, why多长时间，多
16、远， 多长时间一次，为什么1.They have been in China for three years.How long have they been in China? 对时间状语提问2.It is about 4000 kilometers from Beijing to Xian.How far is it from Beijing to Xian?3.They come to visit me once a week.How often do they come to visit me?4.She came late, because she missed the bus.Why
17、 did she come late?练习：1.他们学汉语多长时间了？How long have they learned Chinese?2.你多长时间看一次电影？How often do you watch movies?3.你的家离学校多远？How far is it from your house to your school?第十一讲 名词代表事物的词，包括具体和抽象的事物名词分两类：101 可数名词：是指数得过来的概念。如applepencilstudent可数名词有单数和复数之分apple-applespencil-pencilstomato-tomatoes2 不可数名词：无法
18、计算的数量或抽象概念。如saltcoffeewater(historylove 抽象)不可数名词无复数，只用单数表示salt-saltcoffee-coffeewater-water3 可数名词变复数规则：（1） 一般末尾加后缀-s，friend-friends（2） 以 szxchsh 结尾的词，在该词末尾加后缀-es，bus-buses（3） 辅音字母+y 结尾的名词，将 y 改变为 i,再加es，candy-candies (除 a e i o u 以外的字母为辅音字母)（4） 以-o 结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es. tomato-tomatoes,hippo-hippo
19、s 缩写(从非英语国家引进的词汇为外来词，如 madam 是从法国引进的外来词)3、 可数名词前可加 a(an)或量词，有复数变化以元音开头的名词前加 an，以辅音开头的名词前加 a，表示一个。applean appleapplesa box of apples 量词Tomatoa tomatotomatoesa bag of tomatoes 量词114、 不可数名词前不可加 a(an)，没有复数，但前面可以加量词。Coffeea cup of coffee练习：He bought me (a box of chocolate )一盒巧克力(a bike) 一辆自行车第十二讲 代词：指示代词
20、和不定代词指示代词（特指）：标识人或事物的代词，用来代替前面已提到的名词。常用的：thisthesethatthoseThis is his book.Those apples were his.不定代词（泛指）：指代不确定的人或事物。常用的：onethe othersomeanysomethingnothing例：No one knows where he is. 没人知道他在哪儿Some of the boys want to go to Shanghai,but the others want to go to Xian. 一些男孩想去上海，其他人想去西安Each of the stud
21、ents has got a book. 每个学生都有一本书。练习1.（These）teachers are from China.这些教师都是中国来的。2.I know(nothing )about this person.我对这个人一无所知3.I have (something)to tell you.我有事要告诉你12第十三讲 形容词1、形容词通常形容人或事物的状态、性质、大小等，通常用在名词前，be 动词后beautiful-beautiful girlThe girl is beautiful.2、The+形容词=复数名词（表示一类） ，作主语时，后面的动词使用复数的相应格式。old
22、-the old 老的老年人（一类人、复数名词）young-the young 年轻的年轻人（一类人、复数名词）The old need more care than the young.The old 是复数名词，后面的动词 need 不能用三单的格式。3、练习：（1）She is a ( good )student.她是一个好学生。(2)This bike is ( expensive )这辆自行车很贵（3） （ The rich ）sometimes complain their empty life.富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活第十四讲 副词1、副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及其他
23、结构。一般表程度。He runs fast.She is very beautiful. very 修饰形容词 beautifulThey work very hard.副词的位置（1） 根据情况，放在助动词之后，实意动词之前或之后（2） 形容词之前，其它副词之前或之后13（3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后He speaks very fast. fast 在实意动词 speak 之后,在其它副词 very 之后。They have already left. already 在助动词 have 后They have already been repaired.already 在
24、第一个助动词 have 后2、 常用的频度副词（alwaysusuallyoftensometimesnever）的位置通常放在实意动词前面，be 动词后面，助动词和实意动词之间。They always come early.Sam often writes homework at 7:00.练习：1、Please write the word( slowly)(慢慢地)2、They (sometimes)come here. (有时)3、The tree is ( very )tall.(非常)第十五讲 不定量表达法（1）不确定数量的表达法，用不确定的数量词来限定名词Some any mos
25、t every all 1 some,any 都表示“一些” ，后面接可数名词复数、不可数名词单数。some 主要用于肯定句，希望得到肯定回答时，也可用在疑问句中。any 主要用在否定和疑问句中。Id been expecting some letters the whole morning,but there werent any for me.2.most 作形容词时表示“大部分的” ，后面接复数名词Most people here are from China.3.every 表示“每一个、所有” ，后面接单数名词。Every one likes the film.144.all 表示“
26、所有” ，后面接可数名词复数、不可数名词单数。All the cars are parked in the parking lot.All the coffee is served on time.练习：1.Some boys went camping yesterday.(一些)2.All the children like to play football.(所有的)3.Most teachers want to work here.（大多数）第十六讲 不定量表达法（2）1.both 表示“两者都” ，可作形容词、代词和副词，either是“两者之一” ，neither 是“两者都不” 。
27、Both his eyes were severely burned.There are trees on either side of the street.Neither answer is correct.2.many 修饰可数名词，表示“许多” ；much 修饰不可数名词，表示“许多” 。a lot of(lots of)、plenty of 均可修饰可数与不可数名词。many books much watera lot of/lots of books/water练习：1.Both the hands are washed.(两个都)2.Xiaowang drank much (a
28、lot of )coffee last night.(很多)第十七讲 不定量表达法（3）1.a few,为肯定含义“几个” ；few，为否定含义“没几个” ，以上两个词均和可数名词复数连用。A few books are put into the box.Few books are put onto the box.152.a little 为肯定含义“一点儿” ，little 为否定含义“没多点” ，以上两个词均可和不可数名词连用。There is a little water in the bottle.There is little water in the bottle.3.none
29、和 no one 的意思相同，主要作代词，翻译为“一个也不，一点也不” ，用法稍有区别。none 可以接 of 短语，动词可用单数也可用复数。no one 不能接 of 短语，动词只能用单数。No one knows the answer.None of us have(has)arrived.练习：A few books are put into the box. (几本)There is a little water in the bottle. (一点儿)None of us have(has) arrived. (没有一个)第十八讲 There/Here be 句型1.There/He
30、re+be，根据上下文，有多种翻译方法，可以翻译成“有” 、 “是” ，be 动词根据后面的名词有单复数变化。There is a book on the bookshelf. 有There are some books on the bookshelf. 有Here is the bus stop. 这儿是Here are your books. 这儿是如 Here are your books 的正常语序为 Your books are here，主语是 Your books，are 是 be 动词，here 就表语，所以，There/Here+be 为倒装句，实质为主系表结构。练习：1.
31、There is a lot of water in the bottle.(有)2.Here is your car.(这是)3.There are many students in the room.(有)16第十九讲 一般现在时和现在进行时1.一般现在时：表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或动作。主语是单数第三人称，动词有单三的变化，主语是非第三人称单数时，动词为原形。They often get up at 7:00.He often gets up at 7:00.一般现在时，动词的单三变化:(1)在动词尾直接加-s，如：playplays(2)以字母 s、x、ch 或 o 结尾的动词
32、加-es，如:guessguesses(3)以辅音字母+y 结尾的动词，先变 y 为 i,再加-es，如：Studystudies一般现在时否定和疑问句用 do、does 帮助构成He doesnt like the car.Does he like the car?Yes,he does./No,he doesnt.They dont like the car.Do they like the car?Yes,they do./No,they dont.2.现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。句中通常有now 等时间副词呼应，基本构成形式为 be+doing。They are watch
33、ing TV.He is watching TV.I am watching TV.动词现在分词的变化规则：（1）一般情况下，直接在动词后加-ing，如 work-working17(2)动词以不发音的-e 结尾，要去 e 加 ing，如 take-taking(3)重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母，再加-ing，如:cut-cutting(4)以-ie 结尾的动词，变 y 再加-ing，如:lie-lying现在进行时变否定句和疑问句时，将 be 动词否定或提前。（1）They arent watching TV.Are they watching TV?(2)He isnt watchin
34、g TV.Is he watching TV?(3)Am I watching TV?Yes,you are./No,you arent.练习：1.He works (work) very late every day.2.Do you study English yourself?Yes, I do.3.They are playing (play)soccer now.第二十讲 一般过去时和过去进行时1.一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的行为。基本结构：主语+动词过去式+其他，一般动词在动词后面加 ed，还有一些不规则动词有不规则变化。Playplayed
35、comecame1.He worked very hard last night.2.They came here by car.动词一般过去时变化规则：（1） 一般在动词后加-ed。如：playplayed（2） 在以字母 e 结尾的动词后，只加-d。如：likeliked（3） 在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词后，改 y 为 i,再加-18ed。如：supplysupplied（4） 在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：planplanned2.过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。其形式为 was/were+doi
36、ngThey were waiting for you.He was talking with his friends just now.练习：1.They went (go)swimming yesterday.2.Sam was watching (watch)TV at 7:00 last night.第二十一讲 将来时一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或状态。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。如：tomorrow （明天）next week （下周）in the future (将来)1.“助动词 will 或 shall+动词原形” ，表示将要发生的
37、事情。（1） They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow.（2） We shall leave for Shanghai next month.离开去上海2.“be going to+动词原形”用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事，意为“打算、就要” 。19They are going to play football this afternoon.She is going to learn French next year.3.“be doing”表示位置转移的动词。如：go,come,leave, start,arri
38、ve,可用现在进行时表示将来时。（1）They are leaving for Japan. 离开去日本(2)She is arriving tomorrow.练习：1. They are coming (come)here soon.2. Sam is going to learn (learn)Chinese next month.will learn 也可以3. Peter and Mike will finish(finish) the job tomorrow moring.第二十二讲 完成时1.现在完成时（have+p.p.） ，动作过去发生，已经完成，对现在造成影响或后果，动作可
39、能还会持续，可使用的时间状语为：already(已经)和 yet（还） 。（1） They have already arrived in Shanghai.（2） She has played soccer for 3 hours.（3） She hasnt finished the homework yet.2.过去完成时（had+p.p.） ，表示句中的动词发生在过去之前，即过去的过去，已经完成，对过去造成了一定的影响或后果。（1） They had arrived in Shanghai.（2） She had played soccer for 3 hours.（3） She had
40、nt finished the work yet.练习：1.He has stopped (stop)the car outside.2.She hasnt been (not be)to Sichuan yet.3.Have they planned (plan) to stay here?20第二十三讲 动词的用法1.动词根据功能分为四类：实意动词（Notional Verb）：有实际意义的动词系动词（Link Verb）：起联系作用的动词助动词（Auxiliary Verb）：帮助构成句子成分的动词情态动词（Model Verb）：有情态含义的动词，后接实意动词原形。（1）动词有数量和时
41、态的变化，时态通常有三大时态：现在、过去和将来时。（2）根据动作进行的状态可分为：一般时、进行时和完成时（3）使用动词时通常将（1）和（2）结合，如:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时；现在进行时、过去进行时；现在完成时、过去完成时He goes to school every day.He went to hospital last night.动词形态变化总结：动词原形 单三 现在分词 过去式 过去分词play plays playing played playedhave has having had hadgo goes going went gone第二十四讲 情态动词（1）can/
42、could/may/might1. can/could：“能怎样” ，表示“现在/过去”的能力，可用 be able to 代替；“可能怎样” ，表示客观可能性（can 的可能性大） ；“可以怎样” ，通常用“can/could I”表示请求和允许的语气，could 更委婉。He can/could/is able to swim. 能He can/could come tomorrow. 可能来Can/could I stay here? 可以留下吗？Can he sing an English song?21Yes,he can./No,he cant.2. may/might：表示可能性
43、（may 的可能性大） ；通常用“may/might I”表示请求、允许的语气，might 更委婉。口语中常用的回答：(1)May I smoke here?Yes, please.No, you cant/mustnt.（禁止、不准）(2)He may/might come here by bus.(3)May/might I join you?Yes, please./No, you cant./No, you mustnt.对 may/might I 开头的提问，肯定回答时，通常用“Yes, please.”。否定回答时，通常用 “cant(不能)”,慎用禁止性的“mustnt(不准)”
44、 ，一般不用“may not（可能不）表猜测，语气很弱” 。3. 练习：（1） She could speak French before, but now she cant.（2） Might/May/Could/Can（按语气程度排序）I come in? Yes, please.第二十五讲 情态动词（2）must/have to/should/ought to1. must/have to：“必须怎样” ，表示必须、必要（must 主观多一些、have to 客观多一些，表“不得不” ）have to 有时态和数量的变化，而 must 无此变化。Must 和 have to 二者的否定意
45、义不大相同。如：You mustnt go.你不准去。You dont have to go.你不必去。You neednt go. 你不必去。（1） You must get up early. 主观必须22（2） Its going to rain, I have to go home now.不得不对 must 和 have to 提问的否定回答，须用“neednt 和 dont have to”,表示“不必”：Must I come here early tomorrow?No, you neednt./No,you dont have to.2. Should/ought to：“应
46、该怎样” ，表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是 ought to；should 强调主观看法，而 ought to强调客观要求。在疑问句中，通常用 should 代替 ought to.You should/ought to do the job right now.Should they stay here now?练习：1.I must （必须）go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow.2.You should （应该）work harder than that.第二十六讲 情态动词（3）need1. need：“需要”a.作情态动词He need
47、come here early.He neednt come here early.Need he come here early?Yes, he need./No, he neednt.b.作实义动词，有第三人称单数和时态的变化，可用作不定式 need to do sth。He needs to come here early.He doesnt need to come here early.Does he need to come here early?23Yes,he does./No,he doesnt.练习：1、 You neednt/dont need to do it agai
48、n.你不需要重复做了2、 He neednt/doesnt need to worry about it.这件事他无需担心3、 Does he need to do homework first?他需要先做作业吗？第二十七讲 情态动词（4）had better/would rather1. had better 表示“最好做某事” ，had 虽然是过去式，但不表征过去，better 后接动词原形。He had better eat more.Youd better finish it right now.2. would rather 表示“宁愿、宁可、最好、还是为好” ，语感比“had be
49、tter”要轻。You would rather deal with it now. 处理3. 否定形式分别为：had better not+动词原形would rather not+动词原形He had better not eat more.You would rather not deal with it now.4. 练习：You had batter stay here.你最好待在这儿I would rather not say it.我还是不说的好第二十八讲 情态动词（5）used to +v/would +v241. used to，would 表示过去习惯性动作，可译为“过去常常”a. used to 可指过去的状态或情况，would 指过去反复发生的动作。The novel used to be popul
