1、 I cant promise to fix all your problems, but I can promise you wont face them alone.美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无痕 1（美国文学期末复习资料(完美版)Imagism （意向主义）(1)Imagism came into being in Britain and US around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.（2）Th
2、e Imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.(3) Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles: i) direct treatment of subject matter; ii) economy of expression; iii
3、) as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome; iv) Ezra Pounds In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.Ezra Pound (爱兹拉庞德）Cathay (1915)中国a volume of Chinese translation.He blue-penciled The Waste Land荒原 the most significant Amer
4、ican poem of the twentieth century.Cantos 诗章 ，a modern epic Pounds major work of poetry。Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 休塞尔温莫伯利In a Station of the Metro在地铁站The apparition of these faces in the crowd; 这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪现；Petals on a wet, black bough. 湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。Appreciation and comment:In “In a Station of the Metr
5、o” Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotion, Pound uses the image of petals on a wet, black bough. The image of “petals” is juxtaposed with another image of “wet, black bo
6、ugh.” The image is not decoration: It is central to the poems meaning. In fact, it is the poems meaning. Ezra Pounds main contribution to American literatureEzra pound is regarded, and rightly, as the father of modern American poetry. Impatient with the fetters of English traditional poetics, he led
7、 the experiment in revolutionizing poetry. It was he who first discovered T.S. Eliot and blue-penciled the latters famous poem, The Waste Land. It was he who helped William Butler Yeats, James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, and William carols Williams in their literary careers. And he survived them all, writ
8、ing continually right up to his death. Pounds contribution to the development of modern poetry is very great. T.S. Eliot （T.S.艾略特）The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock杰 阿尔弗雷德普鲁弗洛克的情歌started 1915is seen as a masterpiece of the Modernist movement, Literary terms: soliloquy (独白）interior monologue (内心独白）d
9、ramatic monologue （戏剧独白） motif （主旨，主题）epigraph （题词）I cant promise to fix all your problems, but I can promise you wont face them alone.美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无痕 2Soliloquy or interior monologue（独白或内心独白）: in drama, an extended speech delivered by a character alone on stage. The character reveals his or her
10、 innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud.Dramatic monologue（戏剧独白）: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.Epigraph（主旨）: a quotation or motto at the beginning of a chapter, book, sh
11、ort story, or poem that makes some point about the work.Motif（题词）: A recurring feature (such as a name, an image, or a phrase) in a work of literature. A motif generally contributes in some way to the theme of a short story, novel, poem, or play.2）The Waste Land 荒原In 1922, Eliot published The Waste
12、Land 荒原in The Criterion标准. Which was thought as the most significant American poem of the 20th century and helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought. The poem is subdivided into five sections: I. The Brurial of the Dead II. A Game of ChessIII. The F
13、ire Sermon IV. Death by waterV. What the Thunder Said3) The Hollow Men 空心人 (1925)4) Ash Wednesda y圣灰星期三 (1927)5)Four Quartets 四个四重奏 （1943）: Eliot regarded Four Quartets as his masterpiece, and it is the work that led to his being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature (1948). Eliot also made signific
14、ant contributions to the field of literary criticism, strongly influencing the school of New CriticismIn 1920 T.S. Eliot published his The Sacred Wood,圣林 containing his famous critical essay “Tradition and the Individual Talent“,传统与个人才能 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边小驻The Road Not Taken 未选
15、择的路（诗歌及赏析见第 9 页）Wallace Stevens（华莱士 史蒂文斯） (18791955) was an American Modernist poetHe won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his Collected Poems in 1955. William Carlos Williams was an American poet closely associated with modernism and imagism. He was also a pediatrician and general practitioner of
16、medicine with a medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania School of MedicineI cant promise to fix all your problems, but I can promise you wont face them alone.美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无痕 3Robert Lee Frost （罗伯特 弗罗斯特）His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the early t
17、wentieth centuryFrost was honored frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry Francis Scott Fitzgerald （F.S菲茨杰拉德）The spokesman of the “roaring 20s” “the Jazz Age” 美国梦的实践者“爵士乐时代的桂冠诗人”和“喧嚣的二十年代的代言人”In 1920 Fitzgeralds first novel This Side of Paradise 人间天堂 （1920 ）second n
18、ovel entitled The Beautiful and Damned 美丽的和可诅咒的 （1922）his best novel The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比 （1925）the novel Tender is the Night夜色温柔 (1934). The Last Tycoon最后的大亨, a novel about Hollywood and the film industry. Fitzgeralds books of short stories include Flappers and Philosophers时髦女和哲学家 (1921), Tales
19、 of the Jazz Age 爵士时代的故事 (1922), All the Sad Young Man 一代悲哀的年轻人 (1926)Ernest Hemingway（厄内斯特 海明威）His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He was generally regarded as spokesman for the Lost Generation. The Lost Gen
20、eration （迷惘的一代）1.The Lost Generation is a term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2. Full of youthful idealism, these individuals soug
21、ht the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3.The three best-known representatives of Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos. his first novel, The Torrents of Spring春湖, but The Sun Also
22、Rises 太阳照常升起(1926) about the disillusionment of the lost generation was an immediate success. With the success of A Farewell to Arms (1929)永别了武器, he firmly established his reputation as a great American writer. The Sun Also Rises太阳照常升起I cant promise to fix all your problems, but I can promise you wo
23、nt face them alone.美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无痕 4Hemingway employed an epigraph（题词） in the novel which had been said by Gertrude Stein to describe the expatriates in Paris “You are a lost generation.” The novel paints the image of the lost generation.A Farewell to Arms永别了武器 It is an anti-war novel, describin
24、g the love between an American soldier Frederic Henry （弗瑞德里克 亨利） and an English nurse Catherine.（凯瑟琳）For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣It tells of a volunteer American guerrilla in the Spanish Civil War.The Old Man and the Sea. 老人与海 It tells of a Cuban fisherman, Santiago（桑提亚哥）, who catches a big fish, o
25、nly to see it devoured by sharks. The novel highlights the theme that man can be destroyed but not defeated. （你尽可以把他消灭，但就是打不败他）It is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable forces in which only a partial victory is possible. This book led to Hemingways receipt of the Novel Prize
26、 in 1954.1) Hemingway was famous for his novels and short stories written his spare, laconic, terse, clear, telegraph-like, yet intense prose with short sentences and very specific details. This style is his famous “Iceberg Theory”:（冰山理论）Iceberg Theory（冰山理论）:Think of an iceberg: one eighth of an ice
27、berg is above the water. All of the rest is underneath the water. The same is true with Hemingways writing. His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning. The rest is implied. One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing. Hemingways vocabulary is eas
28、y and his sentence patterns are easy, but they are extremely difficult to be fully understood. Hemingway terms courage as “grace under pressure” these heroes are called Hemingway heroes or the code hero:（硬汉）Hemingway heroes refer to some protagonists in Hemingways works. Such a hero usually an avera
29、ge man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent. And usually he is a man of action and of few words. His such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not ge
30、t happiness. For example, Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms, Jake Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea or the undefeated bullfighter. William Faulkner（威廉福克纳）Faulkners first novel Soldiers Pay士兵的报酬 was accepted by the publishers in 1926. I cant promise to fix all your
31、problems, but I can promise you wont face them alone.美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无痕 5Faulkners second novel Mosquitoes (1927)蚊群 is a satirical story about a group of southern artists and intellectuals.The years from 1929 to 1942 were a period of amazing literary output for Faulkner, such as The Sound and the F
32、ury(1929) 喧嚣与骚动and As I Lay Dying (1930). 我弥留之际 He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1950 Major works 1. The Sound and the Fury 喧嚣与骚动 The book is divided into 4 sections, largely reliant on Stream of Consciousness and Multiple Point of View. This novel is a complex account of the breakdo
33、wn of the once distinguished and honored Compson family. The book is divided into 4 sections, largely reliant on Stream of Consciousness and Multiple Point of View. Section 1 is narrated by Benjy, the youngest member and an “idiot.” like his brothers Quentin and Jason, he is chiefly preoccupied with
34、 his sister Caddy. For Benjy, her disappearance amounts to the loss of the center of his universe. Section 2 is told by Quentin, a Harvard freshman. He commits suicide. In Section 3, Jason, the eldest son, reveals his bitterness and anger at the opportunities he has lost because of the irresponsibil
35、ity and selfishness which he feels predominate in the family. Section 4 concentrates on the Compsons black servant, Dilsay, and her grandson, Luster. This section provides some objective information to unify the previous subjective narrations into an organic entity. CommentFaulkner as the foremost s
36、outhern writer of the 20th century with 19 novels, 4 collections of about 70 short stories, and two volumes of poetry. His important subjects are childhood, families, sex, obsessions the past and the modern southern memory, myth and reality, race, and alienation. His theme is essentially an analysis
37、 of the underlying cause for the failure and decay of the South before the Civil War. His fiction carries a strong sense of fragmentation in social community and within the individual himself due to the loss of love and lack emotional response.He is noted for the Yoknapatawpha stories/saga in which
38、the fictional Yoknapatawpha County is the setting. The country stands for the Old South. It also serves as allegory or a parable of the Old South. He writes about the disintegration of the old social system in the American Southern States and its effect on the lives of modern people, both black and
39、white. It shows a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society. Stream of Consciousness: （意识流）Stream of Consciousness or interior monologue, is one of the modern literary techniques. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. The modern American writer
40、 William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In the stories, action and plots are less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences are often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer.Multiple Point
41、of View(多重视角) Faulkner was a master at presenting multiple points of view, showing within I cant promise to fix all your problems, but I can promise you wont face them alone.美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无痕 6the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use o
42、f this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple point of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.2. Light in August 八月之光3. Go Down, Moses. 去吧，摩西4. As I Lay Dy
43、ing 在我弥留之际5. Absalom, Absalom! 押沙龙，押沙龙！Two famous short stories:“A Rose for Emily” 纪念埃米莉的一朵玫瑰花 “The Bear”熊Sinclair Lewis （辛克莱刘易斯）he became the first writer from the United States to be awarded the Nobel Prize in LiteratureBut it was not until 1920 when Main Street大街 appeared that he established his
44、position as a very effective novelist. Lewis published Babbitt巴比特which is generally regarded as his best bookHis other novels ：Arrowsmith (1925)阿罗史密斯, and Dodsworth (1929).杜德史沃斯 John Dos Passos （多斯 帕索斯）major works:U.S.A 美国或美利坚The trilogy comprises The 42nd Parallel (1930)北纬 42 度, 1919 (1932), and Th
45、e Big Money (1936) 赚大钱 Dos Passos used experimental techniques in these novels: the “Newsreels”（新闻短片）, the “Biographies”（人物小传） and the “Camera Eye”（摄相机镜头）(P263-264) to paint a vast landscape of American culture during the first decades of the 20th century. John Steinbeck （约翰斯坦贝克）Steinbecks literary
46、reputation was further built up by his next three novels: In Dubious Battle 胜负未决 (1936), Of Mice and Men (1937)人鼠之间 about the tragic friendship of two migrant workers, and The Grapes of Wrath (1939)愤怒的葡萄. His masterpiece The Grapes of Wrath won a Pulitzer Prize in 1940. In 1947, he published The Pea
47、rl. 珍珠 In 1962, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. American Drama ：Eugene ONeill （尤金奥尼尔）Eugene ONeill was a great American playwright and the founder of modern American drama. He won Nobel Prize for literature and Pulizter Prize four times in his life. I cant promise to fix all your prob
48、lems, but I can promise you wont face them alone.美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无痕 7Literary achievementsBeyond the Horizon (1920) 天边外(naturalism)（自然主义）The Emperor Jones (1920) 琼斯王(symbolism and expressionism)（象征主义和表现主义）The Hairy Ape (1922) 毛猿(naturalism) （自然主义） (p286)Desire under the Elms (1924) 榆树下的欲望 (Oedipus
49、complex)（俄狄浦斯情结/恋母情结）The Great God Brown (1926) 伟大之神布朗The Iceman Cometh (1946)送冰人来了Long Days Journey into Night (1956)进入黑夜的漫漫旅程 (autobiographical play)(naturalism)（自传体戏剧 自然主义） ( p287)In what way was Eugene O Neill an experimentalist in dramatic art?ONeill was a tireless experimentalist in dramatic art. He took drama away from the old traditions of the last century and rooted it deeply in life. he introduced the real
