1、VISIA Complexion Analysis Frequently Asked Questions1. What are the definitions of the various skin features and how are the features detected? 1。各种特皮肤征的定义和如何检测？Surface Spots: Surface Spots are typically brown or red skin lesions including freckles, acne scars, hyper-pigmentation and vascular lesion
2、s. Spots are distinguishable by their distinct color and contrast from the background skin tone. They vary in size and shape, and are normally visible to the naked eye. Surface Spots are represented in VISIAs “white light” image. 表面斑点：斑点是棕色或红色的皮损，包括雀斑，痤疮疤痕，色素沉着及血管病变。由其独特的颜色可以识别出来，而且和皮肤底色有着明显的区别。斑点大小
3、不等，肉眼观察可以看到。表面斑点在 VISIA 的标准白光图像中显示。UV Spots: UV spots occur when melanin is accumulated just below the skin surface as a result of sun damage. UV spots may not be visible under normal lighting conditions. The selective absorption of the UV light by the epidermal melanin enhances its display and dete
4、ction by VISIA. 紫外线色斑：黑色素在表皮下的凝集就会紫外线色斑，是皮肤受太阳损伤的结果。紫外线色斑在普通光照条件下可能是不可见的。表皮黑色素选择性吸收紫外线，紫外线会增强其显现，被 VISIA 检测到。Brown spots: Brown Spots are lesions on and deeper within the skin such as hyper-pigmentation, freckles, lentigines, and melasma. Brown Spots occur from an excess of Melanin. Melanin is produ
5、ced by melanocytes in the bottom layer of the epidermis. Brown Spots produce an uneven appearance to the skin, and are detected in VISIA by RBX棕色斑点：棕色斑点反映皮表和深层如色素沉着、雀斑、雀斑样痣、黄褐斑等皮损。当黑色素无节制分泌（过量分泌）时会出现棕色斑点。黑色素是由皮肤基底层黑色素细胞产生。棕色斑点在皮肤上表现为不均匀的分布，被使用 RBX技术的 VISIA 检测到。Red Areas: Red Areas can represent a va
6、riety of conditions, such as acne, inflammation, Rosacea or spider veins. Blood vessels and hemoglobin contained in the papillary dermis, a sub-layer of skin, give these structures their red color, which is detected by the RBX Technology in VISIA. Acne spots and inflammation vary in size but are gen
7、erally round in shape. Rosacea is usually larger and diffuse compared to acne, and spider veins usually are short, thin and can be interconnected in a dense network.红色区域：红色区域代表一系列的状况，如痤疮，炎症，酒渣鼻或蜘蛛痣。血管和血红素存在于皮肤真皮乳头层中，赋予这些组织红颜色。血管和血红素被VISIA 的 RBX 技术检测到。痤疮斑点和炎症通常表现为圆形，但大小不同。与痤疮相比，酒渣鼻通常较大和扩散；蜘蛛痣则通常表现为短、
8、细小，相互连结成一个密集的网状物。Wrinkles: Wrinkles are furrows, folds or creases in the skin, which increase in occurrence as a result of sun exposure, and are associated with decreasing skin elasticity. This skin feature has the greatest variability from image to image as it is highly dependent upon the facial ex
9、pression of the client. Wrinkles are identified by their characteristic long, narrow shape. 皱纹：皱纹是皮肤上的犁沟、折叠或皱褶，日晒会引起其增多，并与皮肤弹性降低有关。这种皮肤特征在图像上会有很大的变化，因为它是高度依赖于顾客的面部表情。皱纹的判别是依据其长而窄的形状。Texture: Texture is primarily an analysis of skin smoothness. Texture measures skin color and smoothness by identifyin
10、g gradations in color from the surrounding skin tone, as well as peaks (shown in yellow) and valleys (shown in blue) on the skin surface that indicate variations in the surface texture. 纹理：纹理主要是分析皮肤的平滑度。纹理是衡量肤色均匀度和平滑度的指标。依据肤色的渐变以及皮肤表面的峰（显示为黄色）和谷（蓝色显示） ，从而作出判断。Pores: Pores are the circular surface op
11、enings of sweat gland ducts. Due to shadowing, pores appear darker than the surrounding skin tone and are identified by their darker color and circular shape. The VISIA system distinguishes pores from spots based on size; by definition, the area of a pore is much smaller than a spot. 毛孔：毛孔是汗腺导管在皮表的圆
12、形开口。由于阴影，毛孔的颜色看起来比周围的肤色深，根据它们较深的颜色和圆形的形状，而被识别。VISIA 系统依据面积的大小来区分开毛孔与斑点；更准确的说，一个毛孔的面积比一个斑点的面积要小得多。Porphyrins: Porphyrins are bacterial excretions that can become lodged in pores and lead to acne. Porphyrins fluoresce in UV light and exhibit circular white spot characteristics.卟啉：卟啉是细菌的代谢物，会堵塞毛孔导致痤疮。卟
13、啉在紫外线下会发出荧光，表现为白色圆点的特征。2. What factors influence the results of the image session? 2. 哪些因素会影响图像的分析结果？A number of factors contribute to the actual scores generated by the VISIA complexion analysis algorithms, including the condition of the skin (cleaned vs. fresh make-up, old make-up, time-of-day), h
14、ead registration（position） within the booth, facial expression (particularly for wrinkles), stray hair, glare areas resulting from oily skin, etc. Percentile scores were generated for subjects whose skin was cleaned just prior imaging session. Results may vary if make-up is NOT removed prior to a cl
15、ients VISIA session. See Canfield Imaging Systems application notes 3.5, Improving the Quality and Reproducibility of Captured Images. 很多因素会影响到 VISIA 对皮肤实际评分，包括皮肤的状态（已清洁与刚化妆、长时间的妆、化妆次数） ，头部在拍照小室的定位，面部表情（特别是测量皱纹） ，杂散头发，油性皮肤造成的眩光区，等等。百分位数都是已经清洁后采集的图像数据。如果在拍照前不进行卸妆，可能会影响分析结果。参考 Canfield 图像系统应用提示 3.5，提高
16、拍摄图像的质量和可重复性。3. What is the definition for each of the three types of skin conditions? How does VISIA use this information? 3. 如何定义三种皮肤状态？ VISIA 如何使用这些信息？“Clean“ is defined as skin that has been recently cleansed and without make-up or skin conditioners applied, “Fresh Make-up“ is defined as make-up
17、 recently applied (roughly within the past hour), “Other“ covers all other cases. The skin condition selected does not alter the image capture or analysis proess. Skin Condition is recorded in the clients record for each session and allows scores to be properly interpreted if images were captured un
18、der different conditions session-to-session (i.e., one time with clean skin, the next time with make-up). Also, images that are “clean“ can be considered as valid input to further build the database. “已清洁”定义是皮肤刚刚做了清洗、不化妆、不使用护肤品， “刚化妆”定义是新化的妆（大约一小时内） ， “其他”包括所有其他情况。选择不同的皮肤状态不会对拍照或分析结果造成影响。皮肤状态信息被记录在顾
19、客的档案中，如果每次拍照选择了不同的皮肤状态（例如一次选择了“已清洁” ，下一次选择了“化妆” ） ，便于对评分作出合理的诠释。此外，选择皮肤状态为“已清洁”的图像资料数据将会添加到数据库里。4. Which data display option is best for our practice to use? 4。哪个数据显示最适合我们的实践使用？Three data display options are available depending upon the needs and preferences of the practice, and can either be select
20、ed from within VISIAs Session Options tab or by right clicking on any data display bar or graph. 三个数据都是有用的，具体的应用取决于实际的需求和实践的偏好。可以从VISIA 的会话选项卡或通过右键点击任何数据图形或图表，选择使用哪个数据来表达分析结果。Percentiles: provide a context to evaluate a clients complexion analysis results by presenting a comparison of the individual
21、s Absolute Scores to those of people with the same sex, age, and skin type. Percentiles are useful in providing a baseline assessment of the overall condition of the clients complexion. Percentile scoring was developed using a database of several hundred thousand individuals, and allows patients to
22、understand how their complexion ranks compared to others in their peer group. 百分位数：模拟患者目前的肌肤水平在相同条件（同龄同性别同种皮肤类型）的人群中的排名，基于个体分析结果的分值。百分位数有利于提供一个群体肤色的整体状况基线评估。百分位数使用了数十万人的资料数据库，可以让消费客户了解自己的肌肤水平在相同条件人群中所处的位置。Feature Counts: Feature Counts provide a count of the number of discrete instances of the featu
23、re being evaluated, without regard to the size or intensity of each instance. Feature Counts can be used to track treatment progress when a reduction in the number of discrete instances of a particular feature is desired. 特征计数：提供了特定皮肤特征的总数量，不考虑每个离散皮损的大小或强度。需要应用离散皮损个数的减少来说明情况好转时，特征计数可用于追踪治疗进展。Absolut
24、e Scores: Absolute Scores provide a comprehensive measurement of the impact that the feature has on the clients complexion. Absolute Scores factor in the total size and area as well as intensity of detected instances of the feature being analyzed. Absolute Scores can be used to track treatment progr
25、ess when the size and intensity of instances of a feature are the most relevant indicator of treatment effectiveness. 分值：是一个综合考察指标，对客户特定皮损进行全面的衡量，把皮损的总面积、密度，以及强度作为考察因素。分值可以用于追踪治疗进展，是说明疗效最相关的指标。5. What clinical methods were used to validate VISIA？VISIA 得到哪些临床方法验证？The complexion analysis software used
26、 in VISIA was developed initially by Procter & Gamble in the late 1990s as an analytical tool for their research and development programs. Since 1998, the complexion analysis software has undergone extensive lab and field-testing. P&G licensed the technology exclusively to Canfield in 2001, and sinc
27、e then Canfield has made significant investments to continuously improve and expand its application. The VISIA complexion analysis algorithms themselves are supported by an extensive set of research papers describing the analysis techniques and results across various skin types.VISIA 皮肤分析软件最初是宝洁公司在
28、20 世纪 90 年代后期开发出来的，作为宝洁公司产品研发的分析工具。1998 年起，这套分析软件经历了广泛的实验室和实地测试。2001 年宝洁公司将专利权授予 Canfield 公司，Canfield 公司自得到专利授权后，投入了巨大的资源用于继续完善和扩大这套软件的功能。对于VISIA 分析算法本身，大量的研究报告描述了这种分析技术在各种皮肤类型的人群中应用，认可 VISIA 皮肤分析技术。6. What is the wavelength used for the UV photography? 什么是紫外线摄影所使用的波长？The wavelength used by the UV f
29、lashes is 365 nm (peak). 紫外线闪光灯所使用的波长为 365 纳米（峰值） 。7 Why isnt the porphyrin count reduced after cleansing?There are several reasons why the porphyrin count for a particular client may not be reduced, or may even increase, after cleansing her skin. Some types of paper used to dry the face after clean
30、ing have a high content of lint particles. Lint will actually fluoresce under UV light. In some situations, the true porphyrin fluorescence of an initial image could be quenched by something that the subject had on her face and then, after removal of this interfering agent, a higher level of fluores
31、cence could be observed. Cleansing the skin with a normal everyday facial cleanser is probably not going to change the true number of pores that show porphyrin fluorescence. It has been reported that washing with a cleanser containing benzoyl peroxide will, over time, reduce the number of pores. Usi
32、ng strips or other devices to physically remove the contents of the pores will help to reduce the fluorescence as well.临床用户的卟啉在皮肤清洁后没有减少，甚至会有增加，有几个原因。皮肤擦干时使用了某些含有大量棉绒颗粒的纸张。棉绒在紫外线下会发出荧光。在某些情况下，实际存在的卟啉荧光因脸部存在的某种物质影响而发生荧光猝灭，在排除了这些干扰因素后，大量的荧光将重新真实呈现出来。使用日常普通洗面奶洗脸不会减少发出卟啉荧光的毛孔数量。据报道，使用含有过氧化苯甲酰清洁剂清洗，随着时间的
33、推移，会减少毛孔荧光数量。使用物理方式清除毛孔内容物，也会将有助于减少毛孔的荧光。8 Is there correlation between porphyrins and sun damage?卟啉和日晒损伤有没有相互关系？According to Greg Hillebrand, Ph.D., a recognized subject matter expert at P&G on the subject, there may be a real correlation between the amount of porphyrins and skin aging as described
34、 in the following technical excerpt that offers the best understanding we have today on the matter: In pilosebaceous follicles, porphyrins are produced by propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) that are normal inhabitants of the human skin and the pilosebaceous ducts. Porphyrins are highly fluorescent p
35、ores containing P. acnes and the associated porphyrins appear red-orange when facial skin is illuminated with long wavelength UVA radiation. The intensity of the follicular fluorescence and its extent of facial involvement is known to be proportional to the density of P. acnes. Porphyrin fluorescenc
36、e appears first on the nose and chin, and then increases in incidence through adulthood and declines after the age of 50, possibly reflecting the rate of sebum secretion. Porphyrins may also have cytotoxic and comedogenic potential. With exposure to the sun, porphyrins can release singlet oxygen tha
37、t in turn can oxidize lipids (lipid peroxidation) in the skin yielding irritating and cytotoxic lipid peroxides that can cause skin damage. Thus, the presence of porphyrins in the follicular pores may enhance or accelerate hyper - pigmentation, wrinkling and other signs of photo-aging by sun exposur
38、e.据格 Greg Hillebrand, Ph.D.， PG 专家，卟啉的数量和肌肤年龄可能存在相关性，以下技术摘录可以帮助我们最好的理解这个问题。在皮脂腺内，卟啉是由痤疮丙酸杆菌产生的，痤疮丙酸杆菌在人类皮肤和毛囊皮脂腺导管中是普遍存在的。面部皮肤被长波长的 UVA 照射时，含有痤疮丙酸杆菌的毛孔会发出很强的荧光，卟啉会显露橘红色。毛囊内荧光的强度和在面部的分布范围，与痤疮丙酸杆菌的感染严重程度成比例关系。卟啉荧光主要出现在鼻子和下巴，成年发生率升高，在 50 岁后开始下降，可能反映了皮脂分泌率。卟啉可能有细胞毒性和粉刺的潜力。暴露在阳光下，卟啉可以释放氧气，可以氧化脂质（脂质过氧化）产生脂质过氧化物，可引起皮肤损伤。因此，毛囊内的卟啉在阳光的作用下，可以增加或加速色素沉着，皱纹和其它光老化现象。
