1、第一单元 段落简介1 1 段落段落是构成文章的一组句子。段落必须表达完整的意思:或描写事物(describe something) ,或争论某事(argue about something) ,或对某事提出疑问(question something) ,或要求什么(demand something) ,或给事物下定义( define something) ,或驳斥某观点(reject something) 。1 2 典型段落的构成一个典型的段落通常由三部分组成:(1)主题句(the topic sentence) ;(2)说明或支持主题的推展句( supporting sentences) ;
2、(3)结论句( the concluding sentence) (有些段落没有该部分) 。示范段落 1-1We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs In addition, it can bring about oth
3、er health problems such as heart and lung diseases It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in oursociety1 3 示范段落分析这是一个典型的段落,可概括提纲如下:主题句: We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit,because it causes health problems推展句: 1 Doctors say it can be a direc cause of cancer
4、of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs2 It can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases结论句: It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society从以上提纲可见,主题句提出了一个问题: What kind of health problems does cigarette smoking c
5、ause?随后的两个推展句回答了这个问题,结论句总结了推展句并再一次强调主题句。Exercise 1-1Directions: Read the following paragraphs and find out the topic sentence, the supporting details and the concluding sentence, if there is one(1 )The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever beforeAbout a thousand species of animals ar
6、e in danger of extinction,,and the rate at which they are being destroyed has increased With mammals, for instance, the rate of extinction is nowabout one species every year; from A D1 to 1800, the ratewas about one speciesevery fifty years Everywhere, men are trying o solve the problemof preserving
7、 wildlife while caring at the same time for the worlds growing populationTopic Sentence:The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever beforeDetails: 1About a thousand species of animals are in danger of extinction,,and the rate at which they are being destroyed has increased2 With mammal
8、s, for instance, the rate of extinction is now about one species every year; from A D1 to 1800, the ratewas about one species every fifty years Concluding Sentence:Everywhere, men are trying o solve the problemof preserving wildlife while caring at the same time for the worlds growing population(2 )
9、The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customsFor example, in both America and England, people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time Also, most English men will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman,
10、and so will most Americans Promptness is important both in England and in America That is, if a dinner invitation is for 7 oclock, the dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up to explain his delayTopic Sentence:The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also
11、 share a large number of social customsDetails: 1For example, in both America and England, people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time2 Also, most English men will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman, and so will most Americans3 Promptness is important both in
12、England and in America That is, if a dinner invitation is for 7 oclock, the dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up to explain his delayConcluding Sentence:_(3 )Birds use many different materials to build nestsSome birds use bits of grass The tailor-bird of Africa and India uses g
13、rass to sew leaves together Other birds find twigs and pebbles usefulTopic Sentence:Birds use many different materials to build nestsDetails: 1Some birds use bits of grass2 he tailor-bird of Africa and India uses grass to sew leaves together3 Other birds find twigs and pebbles usefulConcluding Sente
14、nce:_第二单元 主题句简介2 1 主题句 作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么,这就是每段的主题句的作用。因此主题句应该阐明段落的主要思想,所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。2 2 主题句的形式主题句通常有以下三种形式:1)肯定句(AffirmativeSentence)Example: The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever before2)反诘句(RhetoricalSentence)Example: How do you think people will solve the prob
15、lem of wildlifeprotection?3)不完整句(Fragments)Example: And the workingman?初学者最好使用肯定句作为主题句。2 3 主题句的位置主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况:1)段首(At thebeginning)主题句经常居于段首,以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落。2)段末(At the end)用推理方法展开段落时,主题句往往位于句末。3)段中(In themiddle)有时为了使段落多样化,主题句也可以居于段中。4)隐含(Implied)有时候,尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时,当所有的细节都
16、围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。Exercise 2-1Directions: Read the following paragraphs and identify the topic sentence If it is implied, summarize it yourself(1 )But no matter what it is called, all polyester has certain good points It does not wrinkle easily It dries quickly after it is washed It holds its sha
17、pe It is strong and keeps its colors wellTopic Sentence:_Position:_(2 )Black is the colour of mourning Red symbolizes danger,violence,or bloodshed If you are afraid, you are yellow None of these sayings is true outside the English speaking world In China and Korea, white is the color of mourning In
18、Russia red stands for beautyand life In Italy andGermany you are yellow with anger,not with fearTopic Sentence:_Position:_(3 )Our chief source of fresh water is rainfall that collects in lakes,rivers , and reservoirs Recently, however, we have discovered anew source, aquifers, which are rock formati
19、onscontaining waterEven underdeserts, vastaquifers may be waiting to be tappedCompanies drilling for oil in the Middle East have sometimes struckaquifers, whichprovide unexpected water supplies for arid regionsTopic Sentence:_Position:_(4 )Suppose youre playing a game You make a silly mistake and lo
20、se Do you become angry? Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do better next time? Suppose you are at a specialdinnerYouaccidentally spill some foodWhy keep worrying about how clumsy you look?Why not laugh it off and enjoy yourselfanyway?If you can, its good sign youve really grown upTopic Senten
21、ce:_Position:_(5 )Young men sometimes bring edelweiss back for their girlfriends The girls think of the flowers asa proof of true loveMountain climbers, guides, and hunters pick edelweiss tooThey wear it on their hats To them it is a sign of courage and daringTopic Sentence:_Position:_第三单元 如何写好主题句3
22、1 关于写主题句的建议 1)要写合乎语法的句子Example 1: Two causes of the American Civil War这个句子是个不完整的句子,不合乎语法,因此不能用作主题句。Example 2: There were two causes that led to the American Civil War重写后的句子合乎语法,是个较好的主题句。2)要使用限写词限定主题为了正确表达观点,好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组,即限制词(controllers)限制这一观点。Example 3: Air travel is more convenient than train f
23、or at least three reasons从上例主题句我们得知作者将要写“air travel”( topic) ,他将要把 “train”( aspect)和“ air travel”作比较,并且陈述“reasons” 。由此可见,作者在“aspect” (方面)和“reason”(原因)两方面限制他的主题。3)要注意主题的可写性所定的主题不能太笼统,也不能太具体。Example 4: In Hemingways story “Soldiers Home”,Krebs tellshis mother that he wants no part of Gods Kingdom这个句子太
24、具体以至于无东西可写,无法展开段落。Example 5: In Hemingways story “Soldiers Home”, Kreb is alonely, cynicalveteran这个句子可作为主题句,因为可以围绕“lonely,cynical” 展开段落。Example 6: Let me tell you something about overpopulation这个句子太笼统,作为一个段落的主题太大,难于驾驭。Example 7: Why has the world population been increasing sorapidly in the lastdecad
25、es?这个句子是个较好的主题句,作者用“the reasons foroverpopulation in the last decades”,从“原因” (cause)和“时间” (time)两方面限制了主题,能在一个段落内论述。Exercise 3-1Directions: Identify the areas which limit the topic sentences3 11 Soccer has become increasinglypopular in the U S in the last ten yearsTopic:_Limitations:_3 12 Pollution h
26、as caused three majorproblems in the last decadesTopic:_Limitations:_3 13There are two kinds of memory: short-term and long-termTopic:_Limitations:_3 14 Women are playing an increasinglyimportant part in society todayTopic:_Limitations:_3 15 Women are paid less for equalwork than men in some compani
27、esTopic:_Limitations:_Exercise 3-2Directions: Write two topic sentences for each of the topics,limiting the topic in differentways3 2 1 Topic: the study of EnglishTopic Sentence 1:_Topic Sentence 2:_3 22 Topic: college students todayTopic Sentence 1:_Topic Sentence 2:_3 23 Topic: women in ChinaTopic
28、 Sentence 1:_Topic Sentence 2:_3 24 Topic:crimeTopic Sentence 1:_Topic Sentence 2:_Exercise 3-3Directions: Read the following paragraphs and supply the missing topic sentence(1 )_Icelands flag, for instance, stands for features of the landRed for the fire of Icelands volcanoes White is for ice Blue
29、is for the mountains On Indias flag, the blue wheel stands for peaceand progress The whitestripe behind it is for truth The black stripe on the flag of Malawi stands for the Negro peopleof that African land The red stripe represents the blood they shed to free themselvesfrom foreign rule(2 )_The one
30、 most people are familiar with is the“desk dictionary”,sometimes refered to asgeneral-purpose dictionary Another kind is the pronouncing dictionary, which is concerned with a wordspronunciation more than with its meaning A third type is the bilingual dictionary, which lists the words in onelanguage
31、and attempts to give equivalent meaning in another language Other types include technicaldictionaries, specialpurpose dictionaries,and scholarly dictionaries第四单元 如何写推展句4 1 段落的推展在前几单元中,我们谈到写段落的第一个步骤是写主题句。作者要对主题句在某些方面加以限制。第二个步骤将是写推展句。例如你要陈述你选择某院校的理由,第一步,写出主题句:There are two main reasons why I have deci
32、ded to attend BingstonUniversity next year第二步,以数个理由推展你的主题:示范段落 4-1 There are two main reasons why Ihave decided to attend Bingston University next year First of all, there is the question of money:Bingstonvs tuition is reasonableand I dont even have topay it all at once This is very important, since
33、 my father is not a rich man With Bingstons “deferred payment plan, ” my father will be able to pay my tuition without too muchdifficultyThe secondresaon is the fine education which I feed will receive there in agriculture, my chosen field It is a well-known fact thatBingston hires only the finest p
34、rofessors in its Agriculture Department Moreover, the university reqires allagricultural students to get practical experience by working on farms in theareawhile they are still going to school4 2 示范段落分析细节: two main reasons:理由 1financial considerationa reasonabletuitionb deferredpayment plan理由 2quali
35、ty of educationa fineteachersb practicalexperience在两个主要理由之下,作者用更小的细节支持它们。由此可见,段落的推展依赖于支持主题句的细节(details) 。推展段落的方法很多。通常每个段落以一种方法为“支配方法” ( thedominant method) ,必要时,可运用其它一种或数种方法作为“辅助方法” ( the supporting method) 。上面的示范段落使用因果法(cause-and-effect)作为支配方法,分类法(division and classification)作为辅助方法。作者还运用了 “重要性排列顺序”
36、 (the order of importance)作为安排细节、组织段落的手段。我们将在以下各单元逐个讨论这些方法。Exercise4-1Directions: Read the following paragraphs and find out what details the authorsuse to support their topic sentences(1 )Warm water freezes more quickly than cold Sir Francis Bacon stated thatalmost four hundred years ago But few pe
37、ople believedhimtill 1970 In that year, Canadian scientist George Kell proved the English scholar right Dr Kell filled an open pail with cold water He filled another with warm water He exposed both to the same lowtemperature The warmwater froze firstTopic Sentence:_Details: 1_2 _(2 )There is a relat
38、ionship between your blood type and your nationality Among Europeans and people ofEuropean ancestry,about 42percent have type A while 45 percent have type OThe rarest is type B Other races have different percentagesFor example, some American Indian groups havenearly 100 percent type OTopic Sentence:
39、_Details: 1_2 _(3 )Although thousands of people have been killed by sudden eruptions, volcanoes also benefit man, Tin, tungsten, gold and other metals have been brought closer to the earths surfaceChemicals in the ash have enrichedfarmland When solid, lava is agood building material And in Italy, st
40、eam from active volcanoessupplies heat and power to surrounding areasTopic Sentence:_Details: 1_2 _3 _4 _(4 )The Womens Movement has had several effects on the English language It has created Ms, a title for women comparable tothe title Mr for men The creator of the new titleobjected to the title Mi
41、ss and Mrs once given to women because these titles violated a womans privacyby indicating her marital status The use of Msnow permits women to enjoy the same privacy that men have enjoyedwith the use of Mr Second, the Movement has changed the ending of many compound words from-manto-personFor insta
42、nce, the word “chairman” has been replaced in manyorganization with the word “chairperson”, and the word“salesman”has become salesperson Feminists insist that the substitution of-person for-man makes theposition more suitable for members of either sex Third, the Movementis responsible for new terms
43、One example is male chauvinist pig, a term applied to a man who refuses to recognize the equality ofwomen Another exampleis female chauvinist sow, a phrase used to describe a female who believes that she issuperior to males The mostprofound effect the Movementhas had on the language is on the third personsingular pronounThirty yearsago most English instructors forced their students to se he, him, and his for the third person singular when the sex of th