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英语单词构成有其规律.doc

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1、英语单词构成有其规律,掌握了构词规律,才可以很好、很快的、准确的记忆单词。英语单词构词法的核心部分,在于词根,词的意义主要由组成单词的词根体现。词根可以单独构成词,也可以彼此组合成词,通过前缀后缀来改变单词的词性和意义。单词一般由三部分组成:词根(root) 、前缀(prefix)和后缀(suffix)。词根决定单词意思,前缀改变单词词义,后缀决定单词词性。常见的前缀有如下几类:第一类:表示正负(或增减),如:un-in-im-il-ir-non-mis-mal-dis-anti-de- under-re-over-等;第二类表示尺寸,如:semi-equi-mini-micro-macro-

2、mega- 等;第三类表示位置关系,如:inter-super-trans-ex-extra-sub-infra-peri- 等;第四类表示时间和次序,如:ante-pre- prime-post-retro-等;第五类表示数字,如:semi-mono-bi-tri-quad-penta-hex- sept(em)-oct-dec-multi-等;其它类别,如:pro-auto-co-con-等。一表示否定的前缀1dis加在名词、形容词,动词之前。 disadvantage (缺点)dishonorable (不光彩的)disagree(不同意) 2in-加在形容词,名词之前 incorrec

3、t(不正确的),inability (无能,无力),inaccurate(不准确的) 3im-加在字母 m,b,p 之前 impossible(不可能的),impolite(不礼貌的),impudence(厚颜无耻) 4il-加在以 l 开头的词前 illegal(非法的),illiterate(文盲的,无文化的)illogical(不合逻辑的) 5ir-加在以 r 开头的词前 irregular(不规则的),irresistible(不可抵抗的),irresolvable (不能分解的,不能解决的) 6un-加在名词,形容词,副词之前 unfinished (未完成的)undoubted(无

4、疑的)unemployment(失业) 7non-加在形容词,名词前 non-existence(不存在),non-essential(不主要的),non-electrical (非电的) 8mis加在动词、名词之前 misunderstand(误解),misjudge (误判),misleading(误导),misfortune (不幸) 9dis- 加地动词之前 disappear (消失),disarm(解除武装),disconnect(失去联系) 10de-加在名词,形容词之前 demobilize( 遣散;使复员)decolor(脱色,漂白) 11anti- 加在名词、形容词之前 a

5、nti-Japanese(抗日战争),anti-social(厌恶社会的,反社会的)12counter-加在名词、动词前 counterattack (反攻,反击), counteract(抵抗,阻碍)counterrevolution(反革命)counterterrorism(反恐行动)13. a-、an-在名词前,表示相反,asocial (不好社交的,不合群的)二.表示“前 before”的前缀1pre- preconception(成见),pre-existing(先于而存在的),pre-selection(选举前的)preface(前言) 2Ante- anteroom(前室,接待室

6、),antecessor(先驱者) 3Fore- forehead(前额), foreman(工头,领班),foresee(预见,先见),foretell (预言) 4Pro- program(计划),prologue(序幕) 5Ex- ex-president(前任总统)ex-wife (前妻)三.其他前缀表示“后post”的前缀 1post- post-war(战后),postmodern(后现代的)表示“低”、“次”的前缀 1Hypo- Hypocrisy(伪善,虚伪),hypothesis(假设),hypochlorite(次氯酸盐) 2Infra- Infra-red(红外线),in

7、frahuman (低于人类的),infrasonic (次声的) 3Sub- Sub-editor(副编辑),sub-way(地铁),sub-conscious(下意识的),submarine(海下的),subtropical(亚热带的),subtitle(副标题) 表示“回”、“再次”、“向后”的前缀 1Re- Refuel (给 加油),retranslate (再译),reinforce(加强),reconstruct (重建),return(返回) 2Retro- Retrograde(倒退的),retrospect (回顾) 表示“共同”、“和”的前缀 1Co- co-exist(

8、共存),co-operate(合作),co-education(男女同校),co-worker(同事)表示“相互”、“之间”的前缀 1Inter- Interchangeble(可互换的),interdependent(互相依靠的),international(国际的) 表示“出”、“超出”的前缀 1Ec- Eclipse(蚀),ecstasy(狂想) 2Extra- Extraordinary(非凡的), extrasensory(超感觉的) 表示“超过”的前缀 1hyper-,preter-,super-,sur-,ultra- hyper-sensitive(过敏的),preter-hu

9、man (超人的), supermarket(超市),surplus(过剩),ultrasound(超声波)更多前缀1auto- 自 automatic(自动的),autobiography (自传) 2mal-坏,恶 Malnutrition(营养不良),maltreat(虐待)malfunction(发生故障,不起作用)3Micro- Microscope(显微镜) 4Tele-远 telephone(电话),telescope(望远镜)teleconference(远程会议)5Demi-,semi-hemi- Semi-circle (半圆),semisphere (半球),hemisp

10、here (半球),demilune(半月,新月) 6Uni-,mono- (单一,单独) Monotone (单调),monologue (独白),uniform(制服)unilateral (单边的)7Bi-,di-二 Biyearly(二年一次的),biweekly(二周一次的),bilateral(双边的),carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)8Tri-三 Triangle(三角),triple(三倍) 9Multi-多 multi-colored(颜色多样的),multi-national(多国的),multilateral(多边的)10Poly 多 Polygon(多角形),p

11、olyatomic( 多原子的) 11Arch首领 archbishop (大主教),arch-rival(主要竞争对手,劲敌)12bene-善,好 benefit(利益),benevolence(善意) 13homo-同 homosexual (同性恋的),homograph(同形异义字) 14neo 新 neo-colonialism(新殖民主义) ,neolithic (新石器时代的) 15ortho-正确,直 orthogonal(直角的),orthodox(正统) 16philo-挚爱 Philharmonic(爱乐的) 17proto-原始 prototype(原型),protop

12、lasm(原生质) 18pseudo-假的,伪的, 冒充的 pseudonym(匿名),pseudo-communism(假共产主义) 19a-,ab-,abs- (只有在 t,c 之前)从,自 avoid (避免), absent(缺少的),abstain (抑制),abstract(吸引) 20Apo-,aph-来自 apology(道歉,谢罪),apostle(倡言者,先驱) 21se-分离 separation(分开),secure(安全的),sedition (煽动叛乱) 22para-防 parachute (降落伞), 23omni-所有的,公共的 omnibus(公共汽车),o

13、mnipotence (万能) 24pan-全,泛 Pan-American(全美的), panacea(万灵药),panorama(风景的全貌;万花筒) 25panto- 全 pantoscopic (视野广大) 26dia- 通过,借以 diagonal(对角的),diagnosis(诊断),dialogue(对话) 27Per-通过,彻底,不利 perambulate (走来走去),perfect(极好的)28.trans-通过,横过 transcript(抄本,副本;记录),translation (翻译),transparent(透明的),transport(运输), trans-p

14、lant(移植) 29Com-,con-,cor-,col-共同,和,完全 comment(评论),compile(编辑),correlation(相互关系),collect(收集),corruption(贪污腐败),collaborate(合作,合著) 30syn-共同 synonym(同义词),synchronization(同步),synthetic(人工的,合成的) 31meta-和,在之后 metaphor(比喻),metaphysics(形而上学) 32Cis- 在这一边 Cisatlantic(大西洋这边的) 33pen- 把关入围栏, 囚禁 peninsular(.住在半岛上的

15、居民, 半岛( 状)的,形成半岛的) 34en-,em- 往里,使 encamp(扎营), enable(使能),endear(使受喜爱),embrace (拥抱, 抓住(机会) ) 35intro 内在 intracardiac(心脏内部的),intermolecular (分子内部的), intracellular(细胞内部的) 36intro-到中 introduce(介绍),introspect(反省,内省) 37dys-坏 dyspepsia(消化不良) 38Eu-优,美好 eulogy(颂词),euphony(悦耳的声音) 39ambi-,amphi-两者 amphibian(两栖

16、的),ambidextrous (两只手都很灵巧的 ;心怀二意的;非常灵巧的) 40penta- 五 Pentagon(五角),pentagram(五角星),pentameter(五步诗句) 41hex- 六 hexangle(六角), hexennial(六年一度的) 42sept-七 September 九月(古罗马的七月),septennial(七年一度) 43hepta- 七 heptab(七个成套之物),heptagon (七角形) 44octa-,octo,oct 八 octagon(八角形), octuple(八倍)October(十月) 45nona-,ennea- 九 non

17、agon(九角形),ennead(九个一组) 46dec-,deca-十 decimal(十进位的),decagramme (十克) 47centi-百 centimeter(厘米),centipede (蜈蚣) 48milli-千 millenary(千年的), millimeter(毫米) 49Kilo-千 kilowatt(千瓦),kilometer(千米)后缀是一种重要的构词法,通过后缀我们常常可以判断出一个词的词性。下面分四大类分别讲解一些常见后缀及其含义:一、名词后缀常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下: 1-ster,-eer ,-er(or)意为:从事某种职业或参与某种活动的人 (p

18、erson engaged in an occupation or activity 不)例 词:gamester,gangster,songster,engineer,profiteer,mountaineer,auctioneer,driver,teacher,director,actor,professor 2-let 意为:小或者不重要的东西(small,unimportant things)例词:booklet,leaflet,starlet 3-ette 意为:1)小的东西(small)例词:cigarette2 )假的东西(imitation )例词:leatherette3)女

19、性(female )例词:usherette 4-ess 意为:女性( female)例词:actress,poetess,hostess 5-hood 意为:时期(status ;etc )例词:boyhood,childhood,manhood 6-ship 意为:才能,状态,资格,品质等(skill,state,condition,status,quality )例词:leadership,friendship ,membership,lectureship,sportsmanship 7-ful 意为:量( the amount which noun contains)例词:cupfu

20、l, handful,mouthful,spoonful 8-tion,-ion 意为:1 )状态,行动等( state;action;etc )例 词:action, oppression,possession ,education,starva-tion2)机构等 (institution;etc )例词:organization ,foundation 9-ment 意为:状态,行动等(state;action;etc )例词:movement,enslavement, pavement 10-al 意为:动作(action)例词:arrival,refusal,revival,reci

21、tal,removal 11-age 意为:程度,数量等(extent;amount;etc )例词:wastage,coverage,acreage,shrinkage,breakage , hostage 12-ness;-ity (ty)意为:状态,品质 (state;quality;etc )例 词:happiness,usefulness,selfishness,kindness ,rapidity,activity,sanity ,changeability 13-ism 意为:道义,主义,学说等(doctrine of,practice of)例词:idealism,impres

22、sionism,absenteeism,racism二、动词后缀常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下: 1-ify 意为:转为,变为(to turn into,to make or become)例词:beautify,diversify,simplify 2-ize ;-en 意为:使,变得 (to make or become;to make into)例 词:modernize,popularize,legalize,hospitalize ,symbolize,ripen,widen,heighten ,threaten 3-ate 意为:增加,使(give or add, make or

23、become)例词:originate,hydrogenate ,validate,differentiate三、形容词后缀:常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下: 1-ful 意为:充满,有(full of;having;giving;etc )例词:useful, pitiful,hopeful ,helpful,forgetful,thankful,fearful 2-less 意为:没有,无(without;not giving)例词:speechless,childless,harmless,hopeless ,meaningless 3-ly 意为:有品质的(having the qua

24、lities of)例词:beastly,manly,brotherly ,friendly 4-like 意为:像 的( like)例词:childlike ,statesmanlike,tiger-like 5-y ;-ish 意为:像一般的(some what like)例词:meaty, sandy,silky,hairy,leafy,watery,foolish, girlish,blackish 6-some 意为:像一样的;引起的;有品质的(like;causing;having the quality of)例词:troublesome,burdensome,wholesome

25、,tiresome ,bothersome 7-able(ible )意为:能 的;可以的(able to be;capable )例词:changeable,readable ,drinkable ,comfortable,expansible ,convincible 8-ed 意为:有的( having,etc )例词:wooded,pointed,moneyed,odd-shaped 9-al 意为:有属性的,类型的(nature of,typical of)例词:cultural,personal,regional,musical 10-ary(ory)意为:属于 的,与相连的( b

26、elonging to;connected with)例词:revolutionary,imaginary,contradictory 11-ous 意为:富含 的;有品质的;像 的(full of;having the quality of;like)例词:glorious ,erroneous,malicious,gracious 12-ic ( ical)意为:类的;属于的(typical of;belonging to)例词:historic,historical,methodic,methodical ,dramatic , heroic 13-ive 意为:有属性的;有某种倾向的

27、(having the nature or quality of;given or tending to)例 词:attractive,talkative,restrictive,defensive,preventive,constructive,sensitive四、副词后缀常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下: 1-ly 意为:以方式(in a.manner;etc ) 例词:happily,boldly, attentive-ly,strangely 2-ward(s)意为:表示方式或动作的方向(manner and direction of movement)例词:onward(s) ,ba

28、ckward(s) ,earthward (s) ,homeward(s) ,eastward(s) 3-wise 意为:1 )按照方式(in the manner of)例词:crabwise,clockwise2)就而言(as far as.is concerned)例词:weatherwise,educationwisePrefix Meaning Examplea-, an No, without asocial ante- Before Ante-marital agreementMicro- small microwavePoly- many Polygon(多角形),polyat

29、omic( 多原子的)Im- In; not impossible(不可能的),impolite(不礼貌的)Pro- Before, forward prologue(序幕)suffix Meaning Example-ism Belief in, act or practice socialism, communism-ist A person who believes in or performs a certain actionbiologist., socialistWord root Meaning ExampleAnthro, anthropo Man, human Anthrop

30、ology(人类学) ,anthropocentric(人类中心的)Ced, ceed Go, move Proceed (开始,进行)chrom color Chromatics(色彩学)Exercise:Analyzing Word Toots, Suffixes and Affixes1. It is believed that an earthquake anteceded the fire.a. caused b. happened after c. happened before d. put out2. There were some amorphous clouds in th

31、e sky.a. without form or shape b. related to rain c. beautiful d. bright white3. Many ancient people were polytheists.a. people with many culture centers.b. people who studied many languages.c. people who believed in having several wives.d. people who believed in many gods.4. Movies often anthropomo

32、rphize creatures from other planets.a. study b. give human form or characteristics to c. present in a terrible way d. try to imagine5. The actors wore polychromatic body paint.a. beautiful b. symbolic c. complex d. of many colors6. My teacher did not appreciate my heterography.a. talking a lot I cla

33、ssb. different ideas in the speech that I gave in classc. logicd. spelling that was different from the rulechron Time Chronological(按时间顺序的)graph Write, writing autograph(手稿,亲笔 )hetero different Heterosexual(异性恋的),heterochromatic(多种颜色的)homo same Homosexual,homochromatic(单色的)Metr, meter measure Milome

34、ter, thermometermorph formPhil love Philharmonic(爱乐的)psych mind Psychiatrist, psychologysphere Round, ball-shaped hemisphereTele far TeleconferenceTheo,the god Theo-centric(上帝中心的 )somn sleep somnific(催眠的 )gam marriageOrtho Straight, rightMort Death7. She sometimes has a problem with somnambulism.a.

35、sleepwalking d. breathing c. lying d. anxiety8. He used a telemeter.a. instrument for seeing something very smallb. instrument for finding directionsc, instrument for measuring timed. instrument for measuring how far away an object is9. The mortality rate is very high in that village.a. birth d. emp

36、loyment c. marriage e. death10. People in that society believe in polygamy.a. many gods b. marriage to more than one person c. the necessity of marrying someone from a different villagee. the economic benefic of globalization11. It was an unorthodox ceremony.a. not interesting or worth attentionb. not in a churchc. not straightd. not according to accepted opinion12. Their love was immortal.a. never dying b. beautiful c. pure d not accepted by society

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