1、 英 语 语 法语法的三大基础：十大词性：1. 名词 noun(n.) 表名称 例：teacher, book2. 代词 pronoun(pron.) 代替名词 例：we, he3. 数词 numeral(num.) 表数目 例：two, second4. 动词 verb(v.) 表动作 例：be, know, work5. 形容词 adjective(adj.) 作定语，译为“ 的” 例：beautiful, good6. 副词 adverb(adv.) 作状语，译为“ 的” 例：slowly, beautifully7. 冠词 article(art.) 三个冠词 例：a, an, the
2、8. 介词 preposition(prep.) 表词与词的关系 例：in, on, from, against9. 连词 conjunction(conj.) 连接词与词，句与句 例：and, or, but, if10. 感叹词 interjection(interj.) 表感情 例：oh, ah副词：用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词。说明时间、地点、程度、方式等。如：now, often, already, here, there, carefully, much, very介词和连词的区别：介词后跟“名词” ，不能直接跟句子。连词后可以直接跟句子。七大句子成分：主 谓 宾 表 定 状 补
3、 （同位语，插入语）主语：句首的“谁”或“什么” ，动作发出者。e.g. I like you.谓语动词：主语的动作。e.g. I like you.宾语：动作承受者。 e.g. I like you.表语：表主语的性质或状态，be 动词为标志。 e.g. I am a student. She is beautiful.定语：用来限定名词，adj.为标志。e.g. She is a beautiful girl.状语：用来修饰词或句子，有时间状语、地点状语、方式状语等。e.g. I eat bread in the morning. I study English at school.补语：
4、用来补充说明。分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。e.g. We elected（选举） him monitor（班长）.同位语：解释名词的内容。e.g. Tom, an English teacher, loves his job.插入语：附加解释。e.g. As a result,（结果） To be frank(坦白地说 ), Fortunately,（幸运的是） 五大基本句型：一、主 + 谓 + 宾 动作发出者 谓语动词 动作承受者例： She likes English. (名词)主 谓 宾I love you. (代词)主 谓 宾He enjoys reading. (动名词-ing)主
5、谓 宾They want to go.(不定式 to do)主 谓 宾I know that she has a boy friend.(句子)主 谓 宾二、主 + 谓（不及物动词）例： The boy cried.主 谓Jim runs in the park every morning.主 谓 地点状语 时间状语I play with him every day.主 谓 介词 宾 时间状语及物动词（vt.）与不及物动词（vi.）：及物动词：直接跟宾语，如：I cook foodI eat foodI buy food不及物动词：不能直接跟宾语，如果跟，需加介词。如：I talk to hi
6、mI play with himI laugh at him三、主 + 系 + 表系动词：以 be 动词为首的一系列动词。1.be(am, is, are/was, were) 强调用法 可单独使用，翻译为 “是” 。系动词 be 与助动词 be(am, is, are/was, were)的区别：助动词 be 不可单独使用： 构成进行时：be + doing 表正在进行的动作构成被动语态：be + done 表“被”例： He is a handsome boy.主 系 表He is swimming.主 谓He is told about the accident.（被动句）2.感官系动词
7、，译为：“起来”look, sound, smell, taste, feel, appear(看起来)考点：此时表语只能用 adj.充当。例 1：Dinner smells good.主 系 表His voice sounds strange.主 系 表例 2：Do you like the material(布料，材料)？Yes, it _very soft. (2012)A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt3.表状态变化类的系动词：a.“保持” stay (awake) b.“变得”become (difficult)remain (sile
8、nt) turn (cold)keep (warm) grow (old)get (fat)go (mad)fall (asleep)come (true)例： He went mad last night.四、主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾 间接宾语（人） 直接宾语（物）例： He gave me a book.主 谓 间宾 直宾主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾 主 + 谓 + 直宾 + 介词 + 间宾I passed my mother the box. I passed the box to my mother.加 to 的动词有：bring（带来）, show（展示）, sell（卖）,
9、 send（寄）, take（拿）, throw（仍）, give（给）, tell（告诉）, offer（提供）, pass（传递）I bought John a birthday present. I bought a birthday present for John.加 for 的动词有： book（预订） ，buy（买）, find（为找到）, order（订购）, cook（做饭） , choose（选择） , leave（留下）五、主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补宾语补足语例：We elected(选举) him monitor.（班长）He is monitor.I will ma
10、ke you caption.(船长)He saw the boy playing by the river.（现在分词 doing）主 谓 宾 宾补 地点状语The manager asked Amada to leave.（不定式 to do）主 谓 宾 宾补注:句型四与句型五的区分:句型四，在间宾与直宾之间加系动词 be，语义不通顺。句型五，在宾语与宾补之间加系动词 be，语义通顺。总结：两大基本句型：主 + 系 + 表主 + 谓 + 宾变谓 v. 主 + 谓变宾语 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾加宾补 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补注：在英语中，一个简单句有且只有一个谓语动词。名 词名词
11、：专有名词，如人名、地名、机构名等，首字母必须大写。例：John Smith, the United States, Yale University, Childrens Day, the Greens(格林一家人)名词的数（可数名词与不可数名词）一、可数名词单数可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。复数可数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。注：1.单数可数名词不可单独使用，需在前面加 a, an, the, my, his, one 等。2.a 用在辅音发音开头的名词前，如 a desk, a computer, a university, a tearan 用在元音发音开头的名词前，如 an oran
12、ge, an office, an apple单数变复数法则：1. 一般直接加-s,如：books, caps( 帽子) ，trees2. 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾的名词，在词尾加-es.如：glasses, boxes, watches, brushes(以 -th 结尾的名词直接加-s,如：months)3. 以辅音字母加-y 结尾，把-y 变-ies. 如：stories, countries以元音字母加-y 结尾，在-y 后直接加-s.如：boys, toys, days4. 以-o 结尾的名词变复数：有生命，加-es. 如：Negroes, heroes, tomat
13、oes, potatoes无生命，加-s. 如：radios, zoos, photos, pianos有生命口诀：黑人和英雄吃西红柿和土豆5. 以-f 或-fe 结尾的名词变复数，直接加-s.但是以下名词需要变-f 或-fe 为-ves,如：self-selves, life-lives(性命), thieves, wives, knives, loafloaves(一片), leaves, shelves, wolves, halves.口诀：为了自己活命，小偷和妻子拿刀子和一片树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半。6. 复合名词（合成名词）变复数，变中心名词，如：girl students, b
14、oy friends, passers-by(过路人), sons-in-law(女婿) 注：man/woman +n. 变复数，两个词都变复数，如：men doctors, women teachers.7. 不规则变化的名词：man-men, woman-women, child-children, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, mouse-mice, ox-oxen, goose-geese口诀：男人和女人有小孩，小孩有牙齿和脚，小孩喜欢三种动物：老鼠、公牛、鹅。8. 单复同形的名词：Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, sheep, deer, seri
15、es, means, aircraft, works(工厂), species, fish, fruit如：a sheep, two sheep.注：American-Americans, German-Germans, Australian-Australians, Frenchman-Frenchmen, Englishman-Englishmen.9. 只有复数的名词：a. people, police, cattle(牛群 )作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例：The police are coming.b. 成双成对的名词，如：shoes, socks, stockings(长筒袜), t
16、rousers, gloves, glasses, chopsticks, scissors(剪刀), 这些词作主语，谓语动词用复数。注：但与 pair(双), suit(套装), kind, sort(种类)等量词连用且作主语时，谓语动词的单复与量词保持一致。例：Glasses are expensive.This pair of glasses is expensive.These pairs of glasses are expensive.10. 集体名词：public, government, committee, crowd, class, audience, team, fami
17、ly, group.民众政府委员会，人群班级听众队，再加家庭和小队。作主语时：名词作为一个整体时，谓语动词用单数。名词指各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。例：His family is a big one.His family get on well with each other.二、不可数名词1.无单复数变化，词前不能用 a/an，但可用 the 修饰。2.作主语时，谓语动词用单数。3.常见的不可数名词：bread, weather, water, advice, information, furniture, fun, traffic, equipment(设备), luggage=bagga
18、ge( 行李)4.既可数，又不可数的名词：paper C报纸，论文 room C房间 experience C经历U纸 U空间 U经验work C作品 chicken C小鸡 hair C(几根) 头发U工作 U鸡肉 U整头头发time C次数 glass C玻璃杯 orange C橙子U时间 U玻璃 U橙汁名词所有格有生命，用 s 如：the boys bag, the childrens rooms无生命，用 of 如：the window of the room注：1.以-s 结尾的复数名词加 如：the workers wage(工资), 不规则复数名词加s 如：the childre
19、ns toys2.分别所属和共同所属的表达：A and Bs A 和 B 的(一个东西)As and Bs A 的 (一个东西)和 B 的(一个东西)3.双重所有格：名词 + of +名词s 例：a friend of Toms (friends)名词 + of + 名词性物主代词 例： some students of mine注：表时间、国家、城市等名词后，可加s 如：five minutes walk=five-minute walk例：My daughter and I took a_ tour around New York City. (2009)A. two day B. two
20、 days C. two-days D. two-day名词所有格后跟地点名词时，往往省略地点。如：the doctors (office), the tailors (shop)(裁缝店) ，the barbers (shop)( 理发店)4.修饰可数名词数量的词组：a few/few, many, a (large) number of修饰不可数名词数量的词组：a little/little, much, a (large) amount of, a great deal of既修饰可数，又修饰不可数：some, a lot of=lots of, plenty of5.名词作定语：the
21、 room numbern.定语(单数) n.被限定词当名词作定语时，该名词用单数形式。例：tooth brush, shoe shop, book store动 词 的 时 态一、一般现在时1.定义：表示习惯性、经常性、规律性的动作或状态。2.构成：主语 + 系动词 be(am, is, are) + 其他主语 + 实义动词 + 其他实义动词的变化规则：当主语为 I/其他人称时，谓语动词用原形。当主语为单数第三人称时，谓语动词变化规则如下：一般动词，加-s. 如：works, loves, likes以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -o 结尾的动词加-es. 如：kisses, fix
22、es, washes, watches, goes以辅音字母加-y 结尾的动词，变-y 为-ies. 如：studies, worries, carries以元音字母加-y 结尾的动词，直接加-s. 如：plays, enjoys3.常用的时间状语：often, usually, always, seldom(很少), sometimes, every day/week/month/year, once a day, on Mondays/Sundays/weekends 4.否定/疑问形式：当谓语动词为系动词 be 时：否定形式：在 be 后加 not 主 + be(am, is, are)
23、 + not + 疑问形式：be 动词提到主语前 Is/Are + 主 + ?当谓语动词为实义动词时，变否定/疑问借助助动词 do/doesa. 当主语为 I/其他人称时，借助 do否定形式：主 + do not (dont) + 动原 + 疑问形式：Do + 主 + 动原 + ?b. 当主语为单数第三人称时，借助 does否定形式：主 + does not (doesnt) + 动原 + 疑问形式：Does + 主 + 动原 + ?考点：表示不受时间限制的客观真理、客观事实、自然规律以及名言警句，用一般现在时。例：The earth moves around the sun.对列车、航班、时
24、刻表的表述时，用一般现在时。例：The train leaves at 8 oclock.二、一般过去时1. 定义：表示过去发生的动作或状态。2. 构成：主语 + be(was, were) + 其他主语 + V-ed + 其他（适用于所有人称）规则动词过去式的变化规则：一般动词，加-ed. 如： worked, finished, helped, followed以-e 结尾的加-d. 如：hoped, liked, agreed, believed以辅音字母加-y 结尾的动词，变-y 为-ied. 如：studied, worried以元音字母加-y 结尾的动词，直接加-ed. 如：pla
25、yed, enjoyed以辅音+元音+ 辅音字母结尾的动词，双写最后的辅音字母，加-ed. 如：stopped, admitted, begged3. 时间状语：yesterday, the day before yesterday(前天), the other day(不久前的一天), just now(刚才 ), this morning(今天早上 ), 一段时间 + ago, 如：a week ago, in + 过去时间点, 如：in 19904.否定/疑问形式：当谓语动词为系动词 be 时：否定形式：在 be 后加 not 主 + be(was, were) + not + 疑问形式
26、：be 动词提到主语前 Was/Were + 主 + ?当谓语动词为实义动词时，变否定/疑问借助助动词 did否定形式：在动词前加 did not 主 + did not (didnt) + 动原 + 疑问形式：将 did 提到主语前 Did + 主 + 动原 + ?考点：used to do 过去常常做某事be used to doing 习惯于做某事例：I used _ on the left in England, but I soon got used_ on the right in China. A. to driving. to drive B. to drive to driv
27、ing (2010)C. to drive to drive D. to driving to driving三、一般将来时1. 定义：表示将来发生的动作或状态。2. 构成：主 + will/shall + 动原 + 其他 “心甘情愿做”注：will 用于所有人称；shall 只用于 I/We主 + be(am, is, are) + going to + 动原 +其他 “打算做”主 + be(am, is, are) + to do “一定要做”注：be about to do=be on the point of doing “马上要做”3. 时间状语：tomorrow, the day
28、after tomorrow, next day/week/month/year, in + 将来时间点：in 2050 some day（将来有一天）时间段： in a week4.否定/疑问形式：否定形式：在 will, shall 或 be 后加 not 主 + will/shall + not + 动原 + 其他疑问形式：将 will, shall 或 be 提到主语前 Will/Shall + 主 + 动原 +其他?考点：由 if(如果), as long as, unless, in case(万一), when, as soon as(一就), notuntil(直到才)引导的时
29、间或条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。 （主将从现） 注：引导词后面的句子为从句；“逗号”不能直接连接两个句子。固定句型：It will be + 时间段 + before + “再过多久才”There be 句型的将来时： There will be例：There will be a meeting in three days. (be)四、过去将来时1.定义：表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作。2.构成：主 + would/should + 动原 + 其他主 + was/were going to do主 + was/were to do3.时间状语：the next da
30、y/week/month/year, the following day五、进行时1. 定义：表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或状态。2. 构成：现在进行时：be(am, is, are) doing过去进行时：be(was, were) doing将来进行时：will be doing3. 时间状语：现进：now, at present, this week, these days过进：at that time, at this time yesterday将进：at this time tomorrow, at nine tomorrow考点：现在进行时与频度副词：often, alwa
31、ys, all the time 等连用时，表达说话人批评或赞扬的情绪，译为：“总是” “老是” 。例：She is always asking questions.Look! Listen! 多与现在进行时连用。例：Listen! The bird is singing.现在进行时与表状态变化的系动词 become, get, turn, grow, go 连用表示渐变的过程。例:The weather is becoming colder and colder.一些表“来” “去”的词常用现在进行时表将来，如：come, leave, arrive, go, begin, start.例：
32、 Im leaving for Beijing next month.发生在过去同一段时间内的两个动作，长动作用进行时，短动作用一般态，由 when, as, while 引导。例：When I was studying last night, my mother came into my room without knocking the door.表示某一段时间都在进行的动作，可以是间断进行的动作。例：We are making model planes these days.He was writing a novel last night, but I dont know whethe
33、r he has finished it.六、现在完成时1.定义：动作发生在过去并一直持续到现在。发生在过去的动作对现在产生了影响。2.构成：主 + has/have + V-ed (单数第三人称用 has, 其他人称都用 have)主动词 实义动词3.时间状语：already(已经), just(刚刚 ), yet(还) notyet(还没有 ), ever(曾经), never(从不), recently = lately(最近), so far = by now = up/till to now(直到现在,迄今为止), in/during the last/past + 时间段 “在过去
34、中” 如：in the past two years(在过去两年里), during the last two weeks(在过去两个星期里), since + 过去时间点 (since 1990, since then) for +时间段(多与现在完成时连用)句子(一般过去时) 4.否定/疑问形式：否定形式：主 + have/has + not + V-ed + 疑问形式：Have/Has + 主 + V-ed + ?考点：have/has been to “去过”(现在人已经回来了)have/has gone to “去了”(现在人不在这儿)例：I D to the Great Wall
35、three times.A. has gone B. have gone C. has been D. have been固定句型 1：It is the first/second/third time that + 句子( 现在完成时) “这是第几次做”例： This is the first time that I have seen this. (see)固定句型 2：This is + 最高级 + 名词 + that + 句子(现在完成时)例：This is the best tea that I have drunk. (drink)for + 时间段 / since不能与短暂动词连
36、用构成现在完成时。例：His grandmother has died for two years. ()His grandmother has been dead for two years. ()短暂动词需要变为 be + 形容词/副词 表状态的延续，如：die be dead, begin/start be on, come/join(参加)/arrive(到达) be in, leave be away七、现在完成进行时1.定义：表示动作发生在过去一直持续到现在，并极有可能继续持续下去。2.构成：主 + have/has been doing与现在完成时的区别：现在完成时：表示该动作有
37、可能继续，也有可能不继续。现在完成进行时：表示该动作极有可能继续下去。例 1：I have washed my clothes for two hours. (有可能继续洗，有可能不洗了)I have been washing my clothes for two hours. (极有可能继续洗下去)例 2：She_ English since she was a child. (2003)A. learning B. had learned C. is learning D. has been learning八、过去完成时1. 定义：在过去某个时间或动作之前已经结束的动作。过去完成时必须有
38、过去的时间参考点，表“过去的过去” 。2. 构成：主 + had V-ed + 其他3. 时间状语：by/until + 过去的时间点 (到为止) by the end of + 过去时间点(到结束的时候)before + 过去时间点句子(一般过去时)by the time+ 句子(一般过去时)4.否定/疑问形式：否定形式：主 + had + not + V-ed + 疑问形式：Had + 主 + V-ed + ?例 1：He said that he had been abroad for three years. (be)She had learned some English befor
39、e she came to the school. (learn)By then, he had learned English for three years. (learn)例 2：John and I _friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _each other a couple of times before that. (2008)A. had been, have been B. have been, have seen C. had been,
40、had seen D. have been, had seenUntil then, his family_ from him for six months. (2012)A. didnt hear B. hasnt been hearing C. hasnt heard D. hadnt heard九、将来完成时定义：在将来的时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。1. 构成：主 + will/shall have V-ed2. 时间状语：by/until + 将来的时间点 (到为止) by the end of + 将来时间点(到结束的时候)before + 将来时间点句子(一般现在时)by the
41、 time+ 句子(一般现在时)例：We _building the bridge by the end of next month. (2013)A. are finishing B. would finish C. have finished D. will have finished动 词 的 被 动 语 态一、被动语态的构成： be(助动词) + done(过去分词 )二、33 时态变化表：时 现在 过去 将来体 一般 do did will/shall do进行 am, is, are doing was, were doing will/shall be doing完成 have/
42、has done had done will/shall have done加 be done 变被动：时 现在 过去 将来体 一般 am, is, are done was, were done will/shall be done进行 am, is, are being done was, were being done -完成 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been done三、主动句变被动句的规律：宾语提前主语变，人称时态 be 关键。过去分词勿用错，主语变宾 by 后见。被动条件：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没必要，
43、突出承受者很重要，被动语态错不了。主动句：The boy broke the window yesterday.被动句：The window was broken yesterday (by the boy).注：被动句中 be 的单复要与新主语保持一致，但时态要与主动句的时态保持一致。四、考点1.不及物动词无被动，一些词组无被动：take place = happen(发生) break out(火灾，战争爆发) appear(出现) disappear(消失) break down(坏掉，抛锚) come true(实现) belong to(属于) consist of(由 组成) oc
44、cur to(使想起)例：He_ by his sister at that moment. (2012)A. happened to see B. was happened to see C. was happened to be seen D. happened to be seen2.个别及物动词无被动：fit(适合), wish, cost( 花费 )例：This key just fits the lock.3.系动词无被动语态，感官类系动词主动表被动。例： The silk feels sick.4.情态动词本身无被动语态：构成：主 + 情动 + be + V-ed例：New bo
45、oks can be downloaded from the Internet.5.表示事物属性的动词：read, write, dry, wear, wash, open, shut主动表被动，一般这类动词后有一个修饰词。例 1： The coat dries easily.The book sells well.例 2：The pen writes well. (write)The book was written by Shakespeare. (write)6.sth need/want/require(需要) doing ，主动表被动。to be done 例：This shirt
46、needs washing/to be washed. (wash)7.在主动语态中，make, let, hear, see, watch, observe, notice 其后跟省略 to 的动词不定式（即动词原形） ，在变被动语态时，必须还原动词不定式的 to.例： We heard him sing this song in that room.He was heard to sing this song in that room.The boss made him work 14 hours a day.He was made to work 14 hours a day.8.带双宾
47、语的动词 give, send, teach, lend, show, pass, tell 等，在变被动语态时，可以有两种情况：直宾变成主语，间宾前加 to；间宾变主语，不加 to.例：My friend gave me a pen yesterday.A pen was given to me (by my friend) yesterday.I was given a pen (by my friend) yesterday.非 谓 语 动 词非谓语动词:不能作谓语的动词形式，可以作除谓语动词外的任何成分，即主谓宾表定状补。三种基本形式：doing, done, to doDoing:一、作主语1.doing 作主语,位于句首，谓语动词用单数形式。 doing 表示经常性、习惯性的动作。Climbing mountains is a good way to keep fit.(保持健康)主 系Walking dog is his hobby.主 系2.当 doing 作主语太长时，用 it 作形式主语代替 doing 放在句首，doing 放在句尾。 （避免头重脚轻）C
