1、Unit 1. History of medicineKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary, and pay attention to the tense, voice and collocations of the verbs.1. is credited with;2. are sometimes referred to as;3. was supposed to;4. were espoused by;5. in addi
2、tion to;6. was attributed to;7. categorize;8. is given credit for;9. though.Sentence Simulation（略） Translate the following sentences into English.1. Hippocrates proposed the humoral theory that the body of man has four distinct bodily fluids in itself: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, diff
3、erent mixture of which leads to different temperaments. 2. In ancient Greece, career as a doctor was passed on from father to son, so Hippocrates studied medicine under his father from his early age.3. Ancient Greek medicine was a field restricted by religious superstition where wizards cured diseas
4、es by means of prayer, magic or ritual recitation of spells.4. It now appears that Hippocrates was incorrect in his explanation of the causes of human temperament, but his temperament categories and names have been in use ever since.5. Ancient Western doctors about to enter medical practice were req
5、uired to take an oath on medical ethics, which was derived from the oath of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician revered as “father of medicine” in the West.6. As the father of Western medicine, Hippocrates is the first to formulate the code of ethics that doctors are required to comply with. Fur
6、thermore, his medical opinions and medical practice have exerted a huge influence on the development of Western medicine for centuries.Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1. Four traditional examination methods: looking, listening and smelling, asking, and touching
7、.2. TCM can make diagnoses and treat patients without needing a scientific understanding of cause and pathogenesis.the fundamentals of TCM remain largely unchanged and its theories inexplicable to science.3.the methodological quality of trials is low.Most of these trials are published in Chinese, in
8、accessible to western doctors, and not included in systematic reviews. Selective publication of positive trials is another problem.4. All natural phenomena could be categorised into Yin and Yang (two opposite, complementary, interdependent, and exchangeable aspects of nature), everything in the univ
9、erse consisted of five basic elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), and the universe was constantly changing towards dynamic balance or harmony. Yin refers largely to the material aspects of the organism and Yang to functions. There is a circulation of Qi (energy) and blood. The organs work
10、 together by regulating and preserving Qi and blood through the so-called channels and collaterals. Disease occurs after a disturbance in Yin-Yang or flow of Qi or blood, or disharmony in the organs caused by pathogenic (eg, sadness, joy, lifestyle) and climatic factors (dampness, heat, cold). Treat
11、ment aims to expel or suppress the cause and restore balance.Unit 2 Health professionals for a new centuryText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. integration2. kept pace with 3. adopts 4. In view of5. effectiveness6. ultimate7. acquiring8
12、. attributes9. shifts10. encounterTranslate the following sentences into English.7. Medical science is no longer simply biomedicine, but a comprehensive discipline of humanities, social sciences and biomedicine.8. Science and technology development, along with social progress, has put forward higher
13、 demands and greater challenges on higher medical education.9. Medical education is characterized by a high degree of specialization and practicality, as well as a comparatively high cost and a long training cycle.10. It is the main task of medical schools to train good doctors needed by the people.
14、11. The objective of clinical medical education is to train capable and well qualified academic doctors with a solid professional foundation and a broad spectrum of knowledge.12. The innovation of teaching methods has not only improved the students initiative and enthusiasm to learn, but also enhanc
15、ed the quality of clinical teaching and practice.13. In spite of its great progress, our countrys medical education still fails to keep pace with social progress, development of science and technology, and needs for medical and health reform. Translate the following passage/sentence into Chinese.1.
16、过去一个世纪教育的进步在于三个时代的教育改革。第一个时代始于20世纪初，注重教授科学课程。大约于20世纪中期，第二个时代的改革开启了问题导向式的教学革新。现在，我们需要进行体系导向式的第三个时代的教育改革，通过调整核心专业技能使其适应特定环境，同时借鉴国际化知识，从而提升医疗体系的性能。2. 迁移学习是一种重要成果，其包含了三个基本的转变：从对事实的记忆转变为对信息的搜索、分析和综合从而作出决策；从追求专业文凭转变为实现核心竞争力从而达到医疗体系里有效的团队协作；还有，从对教育模式不带批判的照搬应用转变为对整体资源的创造性改造以应对局部的重点问题。3. 医护人员在过去一个世纪以来对人类健康和发
17、展做出了巨大贡献，然而，自满只会让人们继续徒劳地采用 20 世纪的教育策略，而无法应对 21 世纪的挑战。Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1. Because it is crucial to tackle the obstacles of the 21st century.2. The outcome-based core curriculum has served as a framework in many countries, and can be adjusted for s
18、pecific local needs as postulated by the commissioners.3. Students participate in an international forum which brings together students of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions (namely, the World Healthcare Students Symposium). The benefits of the annual World Healthcare Student
19、s Symposia are for students to learn to understand the different professions and discuss the best ways of effective and fruitful collaboration.4. The authors think the proposed focus on the implementation of innovative and promising information and communication technologies merits attention and bel
20、ieve in its potential benefits for the education of medical students. According to the authors, students from low-income countries with a lack of resources can especially benefit from such initiatives as the website Health Sciences Online, although such free initiatives should not counteract the pro
21、posal to focus development assistance more strongly on health professionals education.5. Yes. Student initiatives have tackled climate change, migrant health, and other issues of global and national relevance.6. Overall, medical students worldwide have been playing an active role in implementing the
22、 recommendations of the Global Commission mainly by developing their own outcome-based core curricula and launching an international forum which brings together students of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions, among other initiatives.Unit 3 Health-care system KeysText ALanguag
23、e FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. Compliance；2. disparity；3. prescribe；4. maneuver；5. commonplace；6. underserved；7. reconcile；8. fragments；9. plight；10. invasive.Translate the following passage/sentence into English.1. Many other Americans are d
24、enied insurance due to previous illnesses or conditions that insurance companies decide are too risky or expensive to cover.2. Health care reform will reduce our deficit by more than $100 billion over the next decade and more than $1 trillion in the decade after that. So this isnt radical reform. Bu
25、t it is major reform.3. An estimated eighty-three percent of people under age sixty-five who are in the United States legally now have insurance coverage. 4. This year the law will start closing what is known as “the doughnut hole.“ That is a lack of Medicare coverage for some drug costs for older A
26、mericans. 5. President Obama promised senior citizens that the health care reform will not cut their guaranteed benefits.Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.14（略）5. The SARS epidemic and rising public discontent generated the political will to fundamentally reform
27、the system, including a partial resumption of central management of public-health services and a major reallocation of central resources to address inequities in health. The outcome of these post-SARS reforms remains uncertain, but there are reasons for optimism.(a) Central funding is supporting the
28、 re-introduction of a New Cooperative Medical System in rural areas and a parallel programme for the uninsured in urban areas that plans to achieve universal coverage by 2020. (b) China can accomplish in health care reform. The exemplary national monitoring system for infectious diseases implemented
29、 after the SARS epidemic (which provides real-time reports of cases across the country) and the effective public-health response to the earthquake in Sichuan are examples 6. The most important task ahead is to focus attention and resources on improving the quality, comprehensiveness, and cost-effect
30、iveness of services.Unit 4 Cancer and LifeKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. Eradication2. Deterioration3. Withstand4. Overwhelm5. Recurrent6. Prove7. Outburst8. DivergeVocabulary Enlargement rise (n.) （生效的；兴起）翻译：随着文明社会的逐渐形成，国内一些
31、组织倡导保护研究中的受试者，但同时也存在着损害受试者人权的各种力量。c.f. arise（vi.）产生，例：The problem arose simply because you didnt follow my instruction. rise (vi.) 升起，例：The flag rises slowly. arouse (vt.) 引起， 例：arouse the interests of sb. raise (vt.) 提起，例：raise the bucket8. lies in (lies in sth./ doing) (在于) 翻译：对受试者最大的威胁是对潜在危险的忽视与不
32、作为。9. standardised (Br.) / standardized (Ar.) （标准化）翻译：中国在全球医学和科研界中的重要性逐渐增加，三大原则基础上的伦理审查将会将会更完善。10. vigilant (derivation from “vigil”) （谨慎的）翻译：相要保护受试者的权益，关键在于对医学研究进行严谨的规范，而非讨论外国伦理原则和中国传统伦理哪个更适合中国的国情。句子翻译1. 在中国，应用这种三大原则的医学科研伦理审查面临着两大难题。第一，中国传统伦理强调的是社会人际关系的和谐，而不是对个人权利至上的维护。2. 医学和医学科研中以经济利益为主导动机的活动越来越多，
33、经济利益之间的冲突也越来越多，经济利益的考虑大大超越了伦理的考虑。这些变化不但表现为医学科研界、药业界和出资机构忽视伦理的趋势，也表现在受试者和政府相关部门中本应以保护受试者安全为首要责任的利益相关者的行为上。3. 当前中国既有公民社会和非政府公益性组织大力倡导保护受试者的伦理要求，也有损害受试者基本权利的各种力量，认识到这种冲突对于保护受试者的安全至关重要。TEXT B Fresh Thinking about the Declaration of HelsinkiAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read
34、. 1. Since the conception of the declaration, much has been changed in the nature of research and bioethical thinking. However, public confidence in research is at an all time low, and the current model and traditional ethical tools fail to meet their objectives. 2. The declarations objectives were
35、to protect human subjects in research. The framework of the declaration has been criticized as being paternalistic and for failing to address the full scope of ethically responsible research. 3. Basic ethical principles in the alternative comprehensive framework proposed by the author can collective
36、ly inform, support, and direct all aspects of research. It broadens the scope of ethical research beyond that of the behavior of the individual investigator to include the full range of stakeholders. 4. A rethinking of the concepts of autonomy, justice, vulnerability, and benefit. 5. The root of inj
37、ustice is inequalities in power structures, resources, and knowledge, which are particularly acute in resource poor countries. To reduce inequalities in researches, a research model should be set up, in which the subjects should be seen as partners. 6. An ethically responsible research must be proac
38、tive, dynamic, universal, transparent responsive, and consultative. Most importantly, it should inspire researchers to approach research in an ethically responsible manner.7. No, they are not almighty because there are also social problems. Regulations are only instruments and can not achieve their
39、objectives in isolation from an ethical social culture. Unit 8 Publish or PerishText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1.planting;2. bring to light; shaping; 3. highlight, push, promote;4.synthesize; 5.cracking down on;6.disclosure;7.involv
40、ement; 8.ties, on;9.demonstrate;10.sorting through.Sentence Simulation（略） Translate the following sentences into English.1. She was intrigued and more than a little suspicious.2. This assistant professor at a fairly high-powered academic university had many first-author publications in high-quality
41、journals and demonstrated academic productivity.3. She was frightened and didnt realize that her so-called intimate friends had gotten her into such hot water that it could have potential implications for her promotion.4. The Physician detailed the benefits of the therapy while minimizing its risks.
42、5. Ghostwritten articles skewed the medical literature by injecting a marketing spin that benefits the sponsor.6. The cynical injection of marketing messages into the scientific literature sounds outrageous, but abuses common in academic publishing set the stage.Text BAnswer the following questions
43、according to text B you have read.1. Like other customs, authorship is usually not determined by explicit criteria and not “discussed in polite company.“ Coupled with parallel trends toward greater numbers of authors being included on manuscripts and increased collaboration across disciplines, young
44、 scientists these days often find themselves involved in complicated negotiations with other academics over authorship.2. Several phenomena, including the use of co-authorship or several first authors, honorary authorship, and ghost authorship, are likely to increase the complexity of these negotiat
45、ions. 3. When a medical writer is hired to write up the study, or an individual made contributions that merited authorship but is not included in the list of authors, ghost authorship occurs.If the ghostwriter, or the named authors, havent understood the underlying experiments and may be unable to e
46、xplain or defend them to other scientists, scientific dialog with the authors is threatened. Additionally, because the process of reducing the work to writing forces the investigator to more closely examine the study and often gives rise to refinements, much can be lost by farming out the writing, i
47、ncluding reducing the academic training opportunities for the student or postdoc authors. Ghost authorship leads to less accountability for the data and its interpretation by diluting the responsibility for the research. It also increases the likelihood and the number of those victimized by fraudule
48、nt work. 4. For graduate students and even more so for postdocs, the order of authorship can seem to make or break an academic career. Many researchers are not aware that different academic fields assign different meanings to the order of authorship. For example, in some fields, the last author spot
49、 is customarily reserved for the principal investigator or head of the lab. In others, the department chair holds that spot. In yet others, placement as last author means that that person was the one who had the smallest contribution to the work. Authorship placement is often an unspoken tradition.5. Ombuds are a confidential, neutral, and independent resource for trainees and faculty. As a neutral party, it can help balance the power disparity between the parties and attempt to mediate the dispute. Ombudsmen are frequently asked to help resolve disputes over authorship, p
