1、澳大利亚 上册 15 单元 1. What are the unique features of the Australian continent? 答：Isolated from other major land masses, Australias distinctive flora and fauna evolved through its long period as an island continent. 2 Discuss the social and cultural values embodied in the Dreaming.讨论社会和文化 价值在做梦中的体现 Membe
2、rship in a particular language group was of great social and cultural significance. Traditionally, languages belong to tracts of country which, in the belief system of the Dreaming, have been put in their places by Dreamtime creator figures. 3. Why does the author say that In most of the languages t
3、here is no distinction between the words for “belief”,”law” and “knowledge”? Do you think its true in your own language? The sacred creation stories are not only explanations about how the country came to be formed, they also provide principles of how people should live and interact with others, esp
4、ecially with whom they may or may not intermarry. 4. (1)What do you know about Zheng Hes voyages in the 15th century? (2)Do you think his fleet got to the northern part of Australia? (3)Why? 答：(1)Yes. (2)Yes. (3) In 1405, Zhu Di the Ming emperor commissioned his admiral ZhengHe to take 317 of his sh
5、ips to the Middle East and Eastern Africa .Between 1405 and 1433 ZhengHe made seven trips routinely passing through what we now call Southeast and South Asia .I am sure that ZhengHe had gone there ,because there is evidence that several ships from that armada landed on the Aru Islands to the north o
6、f Arnhem Land. 5. What is the impact of the assimilation policy on the indigenous people? 同化政策对 本土人民的影响是什么？ 答：The missionaries on the “protected reserves” set out destroy the culture of the Dreaming and to replace it with Christianity. As the children grew to adulthood many of them had lost both the
7、ir families and their culture. They were employed as domestic servants or on cattle stations .Young Aboriginal women were continually at risk of rape. Aboriginal people were excluded from the social ,the political ,the education ,the health services and other aspects. Racism was an entrenched part o
8、f Australian culture until the 1960s and operated at the personal and institutional level. Unit 18 1. Do you think the Australia government system is a democratic one? Why? Australia has what has been called a “Wash minster” form of polity. In other words it is a mixture of the US, Washington system
9、 of government and the British, Westminster system: the political structure is based on a Federation of States and has a three-tier system of government but the chief executive is a Prime Minister not a President. 2. Why do you think Australia adopted the “Wash minister” form of polity? Do you think
10、 it reflects the advantages of both systems? The political structure of Australia is based on a Federation of State and has a three-tier system of government, but the chief executive is a Prime Minister not a President. Yes. Although Australia has a three-tier system of government, the Prime Ministe
11、r and his Cabinet at federal level is the acknowledged centre of Australia parliamentary power. 3. Do you think the pluralist form of government is ideal? What are its drawbacks? Yes. Citizens can choose the government and exert their power. This system secures transparency and thus accountability.
12、Pluralism provides for a ready made alternative government. The Australian government system is a democratic one. Australians understand and conduct life upon a basic commitment to different. 4. Do you think the government can improve the efficiency of the social welfare and social security services
13、 by contracting them out to private sector? Yes. It is being encouraged to focus on producing program as marketable commodities to reduce its dependence upon government funding. 5. Is the loss of social capital a necessary cost in maintaining a countrys strong economy? Why? Yes. Both the Labor and C
14、oalition Parties have been instrumental in deregulating the economy. The Coalition is associated with the most stringent forms, and the Labor Party is aligned with a political program. As citizens, Australians today are debating whether the loss of “social capital”-the cut-backs of public spending o
15、n education, health and the public broadcaster-is a necessary cost in maintaining Australias position as one of the “strong” economies in global league tables. However, the Coalition is associated with the most stringent forms of economic rationalism especially with making a balanced budget the prog
16、rammer focusing more on the balance between social and economic aspects of Australian life. Unit 20 1. Why do you think there was strong racism against Chinese and Pacific Islanders in Australia in the late 19th century? The Chinese constituted the third largest group and were subjected to racism at
17、 many levels. They were the target of physical attacks. Pacific Islanders were kidnapped by the “Blackbirders”. 2. Do you think Multiculturalism enables migrants from other countries to have equality? Why? Yes. Multiculturalism was identified as comprising three areas of policy: Cultural Identity, S
18、ocial Justice, Economic Efficiency. 3. Do you think the aboriginal people achieved equality after Mabo and Wik decisions? Why? No. There are still many social issues of equity that need to be addressed. 4. Why does the author say“History, culture and politics, the way we see and the ways we act, are
19、 intertwined”? The documentation of the wrongs is now a recognized part of the history of Australia. It forms part of the curriculum in schools. 5. Why do you think there are different interpretations of history? Those historians and politicians who want to “disremember” and those who want to reveal
20、 the racism that has been part of the construction of modern Australian society 加拿大 unit16 1. Discuss the similarities and differences in the government systems between the United kingdom, the United States and Canada. Like Britain, Canada is a monarchy. Canadas system of government is parliamentary
21、 democracy as well as the British system. The biggest differences between Canada and the UK are that Canada is a federation, which is the biggest similarity between the United States and Canada. 2. What are some of the characteristics of the Canadian party system? Throughout most of the 20th century
22、 ,federal political power has been held by either the liberal or by the progressive conservatives. Then, regional parties began to arise. And in the last decades the political landscape has altered, with regional parties thriving and national parties failing. 3 What are some of the things that make
23、Canada a unique and interesting country? Pierre Trudeau introduced vigorous programs to promote the use French throughout Canada . His efforts to unite the country were successful to a degree in that many Canadians became familiar with, and committed to French heritage and saw his element as one of
24、the things that made Canada unique and interesting. 4 Who do you think the author says that Canada has avoided the worst excesses of intolerance and prejudice? What Canada policy-makers have tried to do is to find peaceful and fair means to resolve complicated political issues which in so many regio
25、ns of the world have led to war, bloodshed and injustice . Boring or not, Canada has avoided the worst excesses of intolerance and prejudice that have characterizes many nations Unit18 1 Comment (评论)on the sentence “As is the case in other industrialized（工业化的） countries, more Canadians now provide s
26、ervices than make things”. Canada has seen the export of services as being important to the world economy, and has actively pursued the liberalization(自由)of trade in services through forums（讨 However, the potential 论区）like GATT(关贸总协定) and the Free Trade Agreement 。 for Canada to export services is n
27、ot very strong and the sector continues to be dominated by US firms. 2. Do you think the Canadian government should subsidize (资助)the inefficient（效率 低的） Canadian farmers or import foodstuff from neighboring American states? In the past ,agricultural exports(出口) have been very important to the Canadi
28、an economy ；before World War I ,50% of Canadas exports were agricultural; this fell to 40% after World War II .But in recent years there has been a dramatic (剧烈的)drop and now they comprise (由组成) less than 10%of Canadas total exports. Furthermore, it has become cheaper in many cases to import foodstu
29、ffs rather than to produce such items domestically (国内的). 3. how do you view the future of freer (给予自由)trade among nations in the world? Will this result in diminishing （减少）national identity （民族认同）and sovereignty （主权） ? Whatever its political implications ,the idea of a free trade agreement made goo
30、d economic sense: Canadian industries had been hurt by the American use of non-tariff barriers to trade and a refusal to regard Canada as a “special case ”and waive such measures. Controversial was the provision of a guarantee that the us would retain also access to Canadian energy supplies in case
31、of emergency or changes in world supplies , which some critics said was a loss of Canadian sovereignty. 4. What do you think of the FTA ? is it beneficial to Canada as it is to the United States ? overall ,the FTA has been called an “imperfect ” agreement for Canada ,and given the dominance and stre
32、ngth of the United States ,it could hardly be otherwise .Optimists say that Canada, by embracing free trade not just with the United States ,but with other countries ,will benefit in the long run as the world becomes more economically interdependent and more tolerant of the free trade principles env
33、isioned by the GATT. 下册 美国 UNIT 4 1 Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time? The Articles of Confederation failed because the states did not cooperate with th
34、e Congress or with each other. When the Congress needed money to pay the national army or to pay debts owed to France and other nations, some states refused to contribute. The Congress had been given no authority to force any state to do anything. It could not tax any citizen. Only the state in whic
35、h a citizen lived could do that. 2. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation? The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority a
36、nd its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each. The Constitution also called for the election of a national leader, or president. It provided that federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of representatives elected by the people. It also provided for a national court system
37、 headed by a Supreme Court. 3. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other? If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can veto it. That means the propos
38、al does not become law. Congress can enact the law despite the presidents views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it. If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitution
39、al and therefore no longer in effect. The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Senate, however, must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become off
40、icial. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments 4What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution? The Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments, collectively known as the Bill of
41、Rights, were added within two years of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. These amendments remain intact today, as they were written two centuries ago. The first guarantees freedom of worship, speech and press, the right of peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct w
42、rongs. The Bill of Rights and subsequent constitutional amendments guarantee the American people the fullest possible opportunity to enjoy fundamental human rights. 5 What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different? the United States has two maj
43、or political parties. One is the Democratic Party, which evolved out of Thomas Jeffersons party, formed before 1800. The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party, which was formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West, such as Abraham Lincoln, who wa
44、nted the government to prevent the expansion of slavery into new states then being admitted to the union. The symbol of the Republican Party is the elephant. UNIT 5 1. Do you agree that cultivators of the earth are most valuable citizen? Yes, I do agree the point that “cultivators of the earth are t
45、he most valuable citizens”. My reasons for my agreement can be illustrated as follows: Firstly, though outward forms have changed, the vital importance of agriculture has not. Agriculture provides the sustenance that meets peoples most basic needs. Agriculture and its related industries serve as the
46、 foundation of American economic life, accounting for a larger portion of the United States GNP than any other endeavor. Besides, agriculture represents a bond of continuity between present and past. Therefore, cultivators of the earth who contribute a lot to agriculture are important and valuable.
47、Secondly, cultivators of the earth are the most vigorous, the most independent, the most virtuous. They have shown a spirit of individualism and egalitarianism that the rest of society has admired. To a large extent, agricultural values have been adopted and celebrated by the society as a whole. Thi
48、rdly, American agriculture is big business. It provides the rest world with lots of food. So as the main body of agriculture, cultivators of the earth contributes a lot to Americans economic. 2. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still s
49、o many people involved in it? In order to invest, individuals do not have to have a great deal of money: they can buy just a small portion of a businesscalled a share. The business of buying and selling shares in enterprises has become so big that offices have had to be set up where the selling of shares, or stock , can take place. These places, located in many cities in the United States and around the world, are called stock exchanges. The best-known is perhaps the New York Stock Exchange, located in the Wall Street area of New York City, the nations largest c
