1、A law common law 普通法1. Created by law case (rely on precedents)创建的法律案（依靠的先例）2.The courts are given the main task in creating the law.法院在法律的主要任务。3. Dominated by judicial decisions.以司法判决为主。4. A bottom-up approach to principles.自底向上的方法原则。Civil law 民法1. A codified system and it is developed by legislato
2、r.1。一个法典化的系统，它是由立法会议员。2. The courts should apply the law.2。法庭应适用的法律。3. Statutes and code are the paramount source of jurisdiction.3。章程“和”源代码是最重要的管辖权。4. A top-down approach to principles.4。自顶向下的方法原则。Common law civil law socialist lawExample Australia ,UK Europe 英国 Soviet Union,苏联 Singapore Union 共和国
3、Viet Nam 越南Civil law Terms 民事法律条款Case-one person against another person.案例-一个人对另一个人。Plaintiff-person injured.原告-人受伤。Defendant-person who caused injury.被告-人造成伤害。Judge - makes the decision.法官- 做决定的人Trial- step by step process until decision.试验-一步一步的过程，直到决定。Damages- money.赔偿-钱What is a tort? 什么是侵权行为？A
4、situation where a person may be injured.有一种情况，一个人可能会受伤。What is a tort? 什么是侵权行为？The injury is an accident. If someone causes an injury on purpose, that is a criminal act. Tort Law does not cover criminal actions.这次受伤是一个意外。如果有人会造成伤害的目的，这是一种犯罪行为。侵权责任法不包括犯罪行为。A situation where a person may be injured or
5、 his or her property may be harmed.一个情况下，一个人可能会受伤或他或她的财产可能受到损害。These problems are so common that a system of help for car owners has developed. It is called insurance insurance law is not tort law.这些问题是很常见的，开发一个系统，帮助车主。这就是所谓的保险保险法是不是侵权法。reasonably foreseeable= should have known that the negligent ac
6、t would imperil others.合理可预见=应该知道的疏忽行为会危及他人。A Defendant cannot be hold liable for an injury that cannot be reasonably foreseen.被告不能持有的伤害，不能合理预见的法律责任。Civil Actions 民事诉讼What is a civil action?什么是民事诉讼？Can you think of any examples?你能想到的任何例子吗？Definition of a civil action：“ An action brought to enforce,
7、redress, or protect a private or civil right: a noncriminal litigation.民事诉讼的定义：“提起的诉讼，执行，补救措施，或保护私人或民间的权利：非刑事的诉讼。Compare to the definition for a criminal action:“ An action instituted by the government to punish offenses against the public.比较犯罪行为的定义为：“由政府设立的行动，公众对惩罚罪行。Civil Actions are different 民事诉
8、讼是不同的Criminal Actions:犯罪行为：1. Brought by the government.由政府提出。2. Government is known as the prosecution 政府被称为检察机关3. Prosecution has the burden of proof-beyond a reasonable doubt.检方的举证责任-超越合理的怀疑。4. Defendant loses if found guilty.如果罪名成立，被告败诉。5. Usual penalty is a prison sentence.通常刑罚是入狱服刑。Civil Actio
9、ns;民事诉讼;1. Brought by private citizens.公民个人所带来2. Person bringing action is known as the plaintiff.被称为原告带来行动的人。3. Plaintiff has the burden of proof-preponderance of the evidence.原告的举证责任-大量证据。4. Defendant loses if found liable.被告败诉，如果发现法律责任。5. Usual penalty is money damages.通常的处罚是金钱赔偿。Negligence 疏忽The
10、 elements of a negligence claim are:疏忽根据权利要求中的元素是：1. Defendant owed a duty of care to plaintiff.被告对原告负有的注意义务。2. Defendant committed a breach of duty.被告人犯了违约责任。3. Breach was actual and proximate cause of.违反实际的和直接的原因。4. Injury experienced by the plaintiff.原告损伤所经历的。How to prove Negligence 如何证明疏忽The pla
11、intiff needs to prove four elements by a preponderance of the evidence. 原告需要证明的证据占优势的四个要素。1. Duty-something you must do, an obligation.职务-东西你必须做的义务。2. Breach of duty-fail to do duty 违约责任 - 不能做责任3. Causation(two parts)因果关系（2 份）4. Damages (Harm)损害（损害）Duty 责任Defined:“ A legal obligation that is owed or
12、 due another and that needs to be satisfied; an obligation for which somebody else has a corresponding right.定义：“的法律责任，拖欠或因，而且需要得到满足;为别人都有相应的权利义务。Example: It you drive a car, you have a duty to obey the rules of the road.例如：如果你开车，你有责任遵守规则的道路。Breach of duty 违约责任Defined:“ The violation of a legal or m
13、eral obligation; the failure to act as the law obligation one to act.“定义：“违反的法律或 meral 的义务，不采取行动的法律义务行动。 ”What do you think constitutes a breach of duty?构成违约责任，你怎么看？Once the duty is established, it is a simple matter to determine whether the defendants actions met this standard of care or not. 一旦责任成
14、立，它是一个简单的问题，以确定被告的行为是否符合本标准的照顾或不。common defense= plaintiff also at fault 共同防御=原告也有过错contributory negligence= plaintiff gets nothing 共同过失=原告将一无所获comparative negligence= plaintiff gets reduced damages 比较疏忽= 的原告会减少损害What are crimes 什么是犯罪行为Crime-犯罪-1. offense against society.对社会的罪行2. Defined by statutes
15、 that describe what conduct is prohibited.界定的法规，描述哪些行为是禁止的。Criminal law 刑法1. Because crime impacts society as a whole it is the governments responsibility to investigate and act against the person who committed the crime.由于犯罪影响社会作为一个整体，它是政府的责任，对谁犯了罪的人进行调查和采取行动。2. The main purpose of criminal law is
16、to:刑法的主要目的是：1. protect people and property.保护人员和财产。2. Maintain order 维持秩序3. Preserve standards of public decency.保护公众雅观的标准。elements of a crime:犯罪的要素：1. A duty to do or not to do a certain thing.责任做或不应该做某一件事情。2. An act or omission in violation(breach) of that duty.作为或不作为违反（违反）该义务。3. Criminal intent:
17、Intended to commit the act.犯罪意图：承诺的行为。Criminal Law 刑法There are two major types of incomplete crime:不完整的犯罪主要有两种类型：1. Criminal attempt 犯罪未遂2. Conspiracy.阴谋。1.Attempt means that a person had the intent to commit a crime, but for some reason, failed to carry it through. An attempt does require actus reu
18、s, but technically the guilty act begins the minute the preparation turns into action.尝试是指一个人有犯罪的意图，但由于某些原因，未能贯彻始终。尝试不要求犯罪行为，但在技术上犯罪行为开始一分钟准备变成行动。2:(1)conspiracy is an agreement between two more people to perform an illegal act.（1 ）阴谋是两个人之间的协议来执行的非法行为。(2)It doesnt matter whether the act is actually
19、carried out.（2）不要紧的行为是否被实际执行。Even if the conspirators change their minds or do not get a chance to commit the offence they still are guilty of conspiracy because the once agreed to commit the crime.即使同谋者改变他们的想法，或者没有得到一个机会实施犯罪的阴谋，他们仍然是有罪的，因为一旦同意犯了罪。Civil law 民法 1. Plaintiff and defendant 原告和被告2. Alwa
20、ys an accident 始终是一个意外3. Money4. Types: negligence, tort 类型：疏忽，侵权Criminal law 刑法1. Government always stars case 政府始终星级的情况下2. Always on purpose intentional 总的目的故意3. Jail/ execution 监狱/执行4. crime 犯罪trial:试验：A trial is the process of examining evidence and deciding if someone has broken the law.一个试验的过程
21、中，审查证据并决定，如果有人违反法律。judge:判断：The person in charge of the trial responsible 试验负责的主管人jury:陪审团：Members of the public(usually12) who have been chosen to hear the case and decide if the defendant is guilty or innocent.已被选定为审理案件，并决定如果被告是有罪还是无辜市民defendant: 被告：The person accused of a crime.此人被指控犯罪。guilty:内疚：
22、To be responsible for committing a crime.要负责作案。innocent:无辜的：To have done no wrong 有没有做错事plea:要求：A statement by the defendant of whether they are guilty or innocent.他们是否有罪或者无罪的被告的声明。evidence:证据：The Facts related to a crime.有关的事实的罪行。witness:见证：People who might have seen the crime or have knowledge of
23、it.人谁可能已经看到了犯罪，或有知识。testify:作证：A formal statement given in court by a witness under oath.在法庭上的证人宣誓的正式声明。verdict:判决：。The final decision in a tri.在三最后的决定。convict:定罪：To declare that someone is guilty of a crime.要声明的人是犯了罪。Sentence 服刑：The punishment the defendant must do to pay for a crime.惩罚被告必须支付犯罪的。pr
24、ison sentence:监狱服刑Amount of time a guilty person must spend in jail.有罪的人必须花时间在监狱里。jurisdicion:诉讼管辖权：Territorial jurisdicion:服刑监狱服刑1. objective territoriality.客观属地原则。2. offence is completed in the territory of the state-here state is.在国家领土的罪行完成 - 这里的状态。subjective territoriality:主观属地：1. some constitue
25、nt element of the offence took place in the state even thought it was sompleted else where-have state A.一些组成部分的罪行发生的状态，甚至认为这是 sompleted 其他地方 - 状态 A.contracts 合同的negotiation and drafting 谈判和起草What is a contract 什么是合同a: binding agreement between two or more persons or parties; especially one legally e
26、nforceable 之间的两个或两个以上的人士或各方具有约束力的协议，特别是法律上可强制执行b: a business arrangement for the supply of goods or services at a fixed price-Merriam Webster 业务按固定价格的商品或服务的供应安排- 韦氏example: 1. credit card agreement 信用卡协议2. signed agreement related to a job 签署的协议相关的作业3. online agreement 在线协what does it mean to contra
27、ct?合同是什么意思？contracts are about:合同的信息：1. Bargaining 谈判2. Coming to an agreement 即将达成一项协议3. Being willing to be legally bound to your side of that agreement as long as the other party is bound to theirs.对方愿意到你的身边，只要该协议的法律约束，约束他们的。elements of contracting 合同元素1. offer 申请2. acceptance 验收3. consideration
28、考虑offer: 报价：An offer is an invitation to make a contract.要约是订立合同的邀请。example: 1. Displaying a take in or leave it contract online.例如：1。显示或离开其网上签约。2. Bidding on ebay 招标在 eBay3. Putting a price tag on an item in a store.在一家商店把价格标签上的项目。offers can go back and forth (but dont have to) untilacceptance:验收：T
29、he point at which one party agrees to the other parties offer.这一点在一方同意向其他各方提供。example:1. clicking that you accept the online contract 点击您接受网上签约2. winning an ebay auction。赢得 eBay 拍卖3. buying the item from the store.从商店购买的项目。考虑：consideration:1. Generally, courts will only enforce a contract if both si
30、des are getting something.通常情况下，法院将强制执行合同，如果双方都得到的东西。2. What each side gives the other is called consideration.每个侧面给人另一种是所谓的考虑。elements of a contract:元素的合同：1. All elements are required for a valid contract.所有的元素都需要一个有效的合同。2. offer-invitation to a contract a price quote.报价 - 邀请的合同的报价。3. Acceptance-ag
31、reeing to the offer 验收 - 同意该要约4. Consideration- something of value is exchanged both ways.代价 - 有价值的东西进行交换两种方式。contract that have to be in writing 合同，必须以书面形式1. sale of real estate 房地产销售2. agreements to pay someone elses debt.协议支付其他人的债务。3. agreements lasting longer than 1 year.持续时间超过 1 年的协议。Does a con
32、tract have to be in writing?一个合同必须以书面形式吗？Most do not, however, having a paper document is better in case of future legal actions( paper is proof)大多数人没有，但是，一纸文件，是更好的未来法律行动的情况下（纸就是明证）Tom buys a car from bob for$1000 汤姆买了 1000 美元的车从 BOBcontract: for the purchase of a car 合同：为买车parties: Bob offers to se
33、ll the car for $1000 当事人：鲍勃提供出售的汽车为1000 美元Acceptance: Tom accepts the price: pay $1000 验收：汤姆接受的价格：一千美元Consideration： Tom the money 代价：汤姆的钱Bob the car 鲍勃车civil legal duties 民事法律责任who has the duty:有责任： tort contract:groups of people, generally everyone. 合同：具体的个人，将全面进入协议The specific individuals who wil
34、l fully enter into the agreement侵权的人群，一般大家。what binds individualslaws of society bind everyone in it, specific agreements in which the parties mutually bind themselves. 具体的协议，其中双方约束自己。每个人都在社会绑定的法律，Definition: Failing to perform any term of a contract, written or oral, without a legitimate legal excu
35、se.定义：不执行任何书面或口头的合同条款，如果没有一个合法的借口。This may include:1. not completing a job 未完成的工作2. not paying in full or on time 不支付全部或时间3. failure to deliver all the goods 未能提供所有的商品4. substituting inferior or significantly different goods 代以劣质或显着不同的商品5. being late without excuse 来晚了，没有借口6. or any act which shows
36、the party will not complete the work.或任何行为，反映了党的工作将无法完成。cause of breach:导致违反：Human Error: Someone fails to provide the product as agreed. The product is not fit for the purpose or there is not enough product or it is too late.人为错误：，有人未按照约定提供的产品。该产品是不适合的目的，或没有足够的产品或为时已晚。Deliberate Act of One Party: T
37、he purchaser may decide he or she can buy a better product elsewhere or for less money.一方当事人故意的行为：买方可以决定他或她可以购买其他更好的产品或更少的钱。Forces outside the Contract: Sometimes something happens and a contract cannot be completed because of it.合同外的力量：有时候有事不能完成，因为它的合同。自然灾害是，今天等原因中，最常见的。Natural disasters are the mo
38、st common of such causes toRemedies:补救措施：Human Error: If a party makes a mistake, usually the other party will point out the mistake and the first party corrects it.人为错误：如果一方犯了个错误，通常对方会指出错误并纠正它的第一个政党。For example: the manufacturer delivers a damaged produce. It is replaced.例如：制造商提供了一个损坏的生产。它被替换。Human
39、 Error: If the mistake cost the other party money, then the party that made the mistake may correct it and pay damages.人为错误：如果错误成本对方的钱，然后一方犯了个错误纠正和赔偿损失。Deliberate Act of One Party: One person decides not to complete the contract. The other suffer as loss. The party with the loss will want compensati
40、on.一党的蓄意行为：一个人决定不完成合同。其他遭受损失。党的损失，将要赔偿。Deliberate Act: If the parties cannot agree on the amount of compensation, then one party might go to court and ask the court to order the other party to pay compensation.故意行为：如果双方不能达成一致意见的赔偿金额，其中一方可能会去告上法庭，要求法院判令对方支付赔偿金。Forces outside the Contract: Certain pro
41、blems have happened many times in history. Countries go to war or there is a revolution. Storms occur, earthquakes and tsunamis, even volcanoes.部队合同外的某些问题在历史上发生过很多次。国家去打仗，是一场革命。风暴发生时，地震和海啸，甚至火山。Forces outside the Contract: Often in such situations, there is no compensation paid by the parties to the
42、 contract. It was not their fault that an earthquake occurred合同外的力量：通常在这种情况下，是没有补偿的合同由当事人支付。这不是他们的错，发生地震In such situations, insurance may be the answer.在这种情况下，保险可能是答案。types of performance:类型的性能：1. complete performance 完整的性能2. substantial performance 显着的性能3. inferior performance 性能较差remedies for brea
43、ch 对违约的补救措施remedies:mon law: money补救措施 2. equitable remedies:1.rescission 废止公平的补救措施 2.restitution 归还3. specific performance 具体表现Damages“损害赔偿 “1. Main purpose of damages is to enable the innocent party to receive monetary compensation1。损害赔偿的主要目的是使无辜的一方获得货币补偿2.They are calculated on the basis of looki
44、ng at what the position of the plaintiff would have been it the contract had been properly performed.。他们计算的基础上的位置原告的合同已经正确地执行了。Damages:1. Nominal( no actual loss suffered)标称值（有没有实际损失）2. Ordinary( usual remedy)普通（通常的补救方法）3. exemplary( punitive)模范（惩罚性）Equitable remedies 公平的补救措施Rescission: 撤销：1. Does n
45、ot require the intervention of the court.不需要法院的干预。2. the cancellation of a contract between parties.取消双方之间的合同。Restitution:取消双方之间的合同。1. The act of making good or compensating for loss, damage, or injury.或补偿损失，损害或伤害的行为。2. The act of restoring to the rightful owner something that has been taken away, l
46、ost, or surrendered.恢复到合法拥有的东西已经被人拿走了，失去的行为，或投降。Specific performance:具体表现为：1. A remedy forcing performance 具体表现为：2. A remedy awarded by a court requiring a person to fulfil obligations under a contract where damages are an insuffcient remedy.授予法庭，要求一个人履行义务的，根据合同损害赔偿的失衡症“的补救措施的一种补救措施。Type of performa
47、nce 类型性能 Legal consequence 法律后果Complete performance 完整的性能 The contract is discharged 该合同被解除Substantial performance(minor breach) 主要性能（轻微违规）The non-breaching party may recover damages caused by the breach 非违约方违约所造成的损害可能恢复Inferior performance( material breach) 性能较差（严重违反）1. The non-breaching party may either”非违约方可以“2. 1 Rescind the contract and recover restitution, or 解除合同并收回恢复原状，或3. 2. Affirm the contract and recover damages 申明承包合同，收回赔偿
