1、专题十三 主旨大意,高考英语 (江苏省专用),A组 自主命题江苏卷题组 Passage 1(2016江苏,D)词数:720 Not so long ago, most people didnt know who Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce was going to become. She was just an average high school athlete. There was every indication that she was just another Jamaican teenager without much of a future. However
2、, one person wanted to change this. Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-year-old Shelly-Ann at a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginnings of true greatness. Her times were not exactly impressive, but even so, he sensed there was something trying to get out, something the other
3、 coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking. He decided to offer Shelly-Ann a place in his very strict training sessions. Their cooperation quickly produced results, and a few years later at Ja- maicas Olympic trials in early 2008, Shelly-Ann, who at that time only ranke
4、d number 70 in the world, beat Jamaicas unchallenged queen of the sprint(短跑).,五年高考,“Where did she come from?” asked an astonished sprinting world, before concluding that she must be one of those one-hit wonders that spring up from time to time, only to disappear again without signs. But Shelly-Ann w
5、as to prove that she was anything but a one-hit wonder. At the Beijing Olympics she swept away any doubts about her ability to perform consistently by becom- ing the first Jamaican woman ever to win the 100 metres Olympic gold. She did it again one year on at the World Championships in Berlin, becom
6、ing world champion with a time of 10.73the fourth fastest time ever. Shelly-Ann is a little woman with a big smile. She has a mental toughness that did not come about by chance. Her journey to becoming the fastest woman on earth has been anything but smooth and effortless. She grew up in one of Jama
7、icas toughest inner-city communities known as Water- house, where she lived in a one-room apartment, sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers. Waterhouse, one of the poorest communities in Jamaica, is a really violent and overpopu- lated place. Several of Shelly-Anns friends and famil
8、y were caught up in the killings;one of her cousins was shot dead only a few streets away from where she lived. Sometimes her family didnt,have enough to eat. She ran at the school championships barefooted because she couldnt afford shoes. Her mother Maxime, one of a family of fourteen, had been an
9、athlete herself as a young girl but, like so many other girls in Waterhouse, had to stop after she had her first baby.Maximes ear- ly entry into the adult world with its responsibilities gave her the determination to ensure that her kids would not end up in Waterhouses roundabout of poverty. One of
10、the first things Maxime used to do with Shelly-Ann was taking her to the track, and she was ready to sacrifice everything. It didnt take long for Shelly-Ann to realize that sports could be her way out of Waterhouse. On a summer evening in Beijing in 2008, all those long, hard hours of work and commi
11、tment finally bore fruit. The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty, surrounded by criminals and violence, had written a new chapter in the history of sports. But Shelly-Anns victory was far greater than that. The night she won Olympic gold in Beijing, the routine m
12、urders in Waterhouse and the drug wars in the neighbouring streets stopped. The dark cloud above one of the worlds toughest criminal neighbourhoods simply disappeared for a few days. “I have so much fire burning for my country,”Shelly said. She plans to start a foundation,for homeless children and w
13、ants to build a community centre in Waterhouse. She hopes to inspire the Jamaicans to lay down their weapons. She intends to fight to make it a womans as well as a mans world. As Muhammad Ali puts it, “Champions arent made in gyms. Champions are made from some- thing they have deep inside them. A de
14、sire, a dream, a vision.”One of the things Shelly-Ann can be proud of is her understanding of this truth. 1. Why did Stephen Francis decide to coach Shelly-Ann? A.He had a strong desire to free her family from trouble. B.He sensed a great potential in her despite her weaknesses. C.She had big proble
15、ms maintaining her performance. D.She suffered a lot of defeats at the previous track meets. 2.What did the sprinting world think of Shelly-Ann before the 2008 Olympic Games? A.She would become a promising star. B.She badly needed to set higher goals.,C.Her sprinting career would not last long. D.He
16、r talent for sprinting was known to all. 3.What made Maxime decide to train her daughter on the track? A.Her success and lessons in her career. B.Her interest in Shelly-Anns quick profit. C.Her wish to get Shelly-Ann out of poverty. D.Her early entrance into the sprinting world. 4.What can we infer
17、from Shelly-Anns statement underlined in Paragraph 5? A.She was highly rewarded for her efforts. B.She was eager to do more for her country. C.She became an athletic star in her country. D.She was the envy of the whole community. 5.By mentioning Muhammad Alis words, the author intends to tell us tha
18、t . A.players should be highly inspired by coaches,B.great athletes need to concentrate on patience C.hard work is necessary in ones achievements D.motivation allows great athletes to be on the top 6.What is the best title for the passage? A.The Making of a Great Athlete B.The Dream for Championship
19、 C.The Key to High Performance D.The Power of Full Responsibility 答案 语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。题材为人物故事类。本文讲述了在北京奥运会上获得女子 100米短跑金牌的牙买加运动员Shelly-Ann的奋斗故事,也给那些想取得成功的人一个启示:要 有渴望、有梦想、有愿景。 1.B 推理判断题。根据第一段中的描述可知,从她身上教练看到了一个伟大成功的开始,看 到了她身上有东西可以被开发出来,尽管这些东西被其他教练忽视了。由此推断出这位教练,决定训练Shelly-Ann是因为他看到了Ann身上的那股巨大潜力。故选B项。 2.C 细
20、节理解题。根据第二段中的描述可知,她就是那种偶尔出名一次的人(one-hit),会在毫 无征兆的情况下又销声匿迹了(disappear again without signs),故选C项。 3.C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的描述可知,她下决心不会让她的孩子在Waterhouse一直过 这种贫穷的生活,故选C项。 4.B 推理判断题。根据本段描述可知,Shelly-Ann在北京奥运会获得金牌后她那个充满凶杀 和暴力的家乡也一下子安静了好几天。她说:我有很多能量为我的祖国去燃烧,由此推断出她 说这句话的目的就是想为自己的国家做更多的贡献,故选B项。 5.D 推理判断题。根据拳王阿里说的话可知,冠军
21、不是产生于体育馆,是产生于自己内心的 某种东西。要有渴望、有梦想、有愿景。由此推断出作者认为做一件事的动机会让运动员 达到巅峰。故选D项。 6.A 主旨大意题。本文主要讲的是一位教练如何发现了Shelly-Ann并把她培养成世界冠军 的历程。即一个伟大运动员的形成。故选A项。 高级语块 1.a one-hit wonder昙花一现,2.spring up跳起;跃起;迅速成长 3.anything but根本不 4.be caught up in被卷入,牵涉,涉及 5.bear fruit结果实,有成果 长难句 She grew up in one of Jamaicas toughest in
22、ner-city communities known as Waterhouse, where she lived in a one-room apartment, sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers. 她在牙买加治安最差的贫民区之一的Waterhouse长大,在这里她居住在一个有一个房间的公 寓中,和母亲还有两个弟弟四个人睡在一张床上。 本句为主从复合句。第一个逗号之前是主句部分;关系副词where引导非限制性定语从句,修 饰先行词Waterhouse;sleeping.是非谓语动词短语作状语。 Passage 2(
23、2015江苏,B) 词数:391 In the United States alone,over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year.Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants.The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a
24、whole.,Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver.A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in com- parison to total waste,the concentration(含量)of gold and other precious metals was higher in so- calle
25、d e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals. Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals.Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed,the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries,in practical- ly uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substance
26、s to escape into the environment. Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material,up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone,and imagine the mines that produced those metals,the factories needed to make the box an
27、d packaging (包装)it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “ the pro- duction,distribution,and use of productsas well as management of the resulting wasteall result in greenhouse g
28、as release.”Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the,startfor instance,buying reusable products and recycling. In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive(动机)for reducing waste. If produ
29、cers are required to take back pack- aging they use to sell their products,would they reduce the packaging in the first place? Governments incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money. Why,they ask,should cities or towns be responsibl
30、e for paying to deal with the bubble wrap(气泡垫)that encased your television? From the governments point of view,a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer respon- sibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back
31、 to the producers. 1.By mentioning the Swiss study,the author intends to tell us that . A.the weight of e-goods is rather small B.e-waste deserves to be made good use of C.natural minerals contain more precious metals,D.the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste 2. The responsibility of e
32、-waste treatment should be extended . A.from producers to governments B.from governments to producers C.from individuals to distributors D.from distributors to governments 3.What does the passage mainly talk about? A.The increase in e-waste. B.The creation of e-waste. C.The seriousness of e-waste. D
33、.The management of e-waste.,答案 语篇解读 本文为说明文,题材为环境保护类。随着电子数码科技的进步,越来越多的电子 垃圾产生了,手机、电脑、个人电子器件等被扔掉的越来越多。这些被扔掉的电子垃圾中含 有一些像金银之类的贵重金属,当然也有很多有毒物质。那我们该如何处理这些电子垃圾呢? 1.B 推理判断题。根据第二段第二句中.the concentration of gold and other precious metals was higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals可知,瑞士
34、的一项研究结果表 明,电子垃圾中贵重金属的含量比自然界中矿石中贵重金属的含量还要高。由此推断作者旨 在说明这些电子垃圾值得被充分利用,故选B项。 2.B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段.a primary goal of laws.is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.可知,政府要制定相关法律,对制造商提出明确的责任要求,这份责任应该是从政府 开始延伸到制造商
35、身上,故选B项。 3.D 主旨大意题。本文第一段提出了越来越严重的电子垃圾污染问题,后面就如何处理这些 垃圾提出了一些建议,也明确了该问题所涉及各方应负的责任,由此推断出本文的主题应该是 D项:电子垃圾的处理。 评析 主旨大意题是阅读理解的难点,首先根据第一段确定文章主线,然后分析后面各段与第 一段的关系,分别从哪个角度为第一段服务,全面地推断出主题,不能受到某个细节的影响而误,选。此题易误选C项:电子垃圾的严重性。这仅仅是文章的一个细节。 高级语块 1.in comparison to与比较 2.naturally occurring minerals天然产生的矿物 3.from ones
36、point of view从某人的观点来看 长难句 Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed,the recycling pro- cess often is carried out in poor countries,in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poi- sonous substances to escape into the environment.即使当这些机器被回收,有害金属被移除之后, 回收的过程经常在一些贫困国家进行,并
37、且是以几乎无法控制的方式进行,使得很多有害物质 进入环境。 本句为主从复合句。when引导的是时间状语从句;which引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词 ways。,Passage 3(2015江苏,C) 词数:460 Suppose you become a leader in an organization. Its very likely that youll want to have volun- teers to help with the organizations activities.To do so,it should help to understand why people u
38、ndertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work. Lets begin with the question of why people volunteer.Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.For example,people volunteer to express personal values re- lated to unselfishness,to expand their
39、range of experiences,and to strengthen social relationships.If volunteer positions do not meet these needs,people may not wish to participate.To select volun- teers,you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract. People also volunteer because they are required to do so.
40、To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs.Unfortunately,these programs can shift peoples wish of participation from an internal factor(e.g.,“I volunteer because its impor- tant to me”)to an external factor(e.g.,“I volunteer because Im required
41、to do so”).When that happens,people become less likely to volunteer in the future.People must be sensitive to this possi- bility when they make volunteer activities a must. Once people begin to volunteer,what leads them to remain in their positions over time?To answer this question,researchers have
42、conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over,time.For instance,one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year.One of the most impor- tant factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experi- enced in their volunteer positions.
43、Although this result may not surprise you,it leads to important practical advice.The researchers note that attention should be given to“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”. Another s
44、tudy of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view“volunteer”as an important social role.It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue vol
45、unteer work.Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mat- tered by responding to statements such as“Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.”Consistent with the researchers expectations,they found a positive correlation(正相关)be- tween the strength of role identity
46、and the length of time people continued to volunteer.These re- sults,once again,lead to concrete advice:“Once an individual begins volunteering,continued ef-,forts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contri
47、butions can help strengthen role identity”. 1.People volunteer mainly out of . A.academic requirements B.social expectations C.financial rewards D.internal needs 2.What can we learn from the Florida study? A.Follow-up studies should last for one year. B.Volunteers should get mentally prepared. C.Str
48、ategy training is a must in research. D.Volunteers are provided with concrete advice. 3.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work? A.Individual differences in role identity. B.Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts. C.Role identity as a volunteer.,D.Practical advice from re
49、searchers. 4.What is the best title of the passage? A.How to Get People to Volunteer B.How to Study Volunteer Behaviors C.How to Keep Volunteers Interest D.How to Organize Volunteer Activities 答案 语篇解读 本文为说明文,题材为社会生活类,内容是分析影响志愿者参与志愿者活动并坚 持下去的原因。 1.D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段最后一句To select volunteers,you may need
50、to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.和第三段第三句.shift peoples wish of partici- pation from an internal factor.to an external factor.可知,人们做志愿者主要是出于内在的动机, 即内在(internal)需求,故选D项。,2.B 推理判断题。根据文章第四段最后一句.attention should be given to“training methods that would prepare volunteers for
51、 troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.可知,志愿者“必须做好心理上的准备”,故选B项。 3.C 推理判断题。根据第五段第一句中people view“volunteer”as an important social role以 及第二句中those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also
52、be most likely to continue volunteer work可知,这些人们把志愿者身份看做是一种重 要的社会角色,并且最有可能激励志愿者继续工作的就是这种role identity。故选C项。 4.A 主旨大意题。本文分析了人们参与并坚持志愿者活动的原因,所以“如何让人们参与志 愿者活动”是最好的标题,故选A项。 高级语块 1.shift.to.把变成 2.make.a must使成为必不可少的事物 3.motivate sb. to do sth. 促动、激发某人做某事 长难句 The researchers note that attention should be given to“training methods that would pre- pare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the prob- lem they do experience”.研究人员注意到应该注意让志愿者对棘手的局面有充分准备,或者给,
