1、.Chapter 1 The Structure of the English Sentence(第一章 绪 论)一、 难点、重点1. Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order.(指出构成层次结构的语法单位.)英语句子的结构层次是：分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words)，图示如下：高级层次 句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个词组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)低级层次 词 如果从语义的角度来考虑，单词以下还可再分为词素(morphemes)；句子以上还有更大的语言单位，即把句
2、子按一定逻辑规则组织起来的语篇。所以，从超语法的角度来看，语法层次结构可以如下图所示：高级层次 语篇(由广个或多个句子组成)句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个扣组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)词(由一个或多个词素组成)低级层次 词素2 Morphemes 词素 (Terms: morpheme, morph, allomorph, free morpheme and bound morpheme)（注：此部分内容的学习可以借鉴词汇学的相关内容，然而必须注意两门课程描述的不同点。 ）什么是词素(morpheme)?词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。词素的语音或拼写法
3、的体现叫形素(morph) 。词素是一种抽象形式的成分，在不同的环境中一个词素可以由若干个不同的形素体现，如英语中的复数词素可以表现为s，z，iz。某一词素在不同的环境中可以用不同的变体或词素变体(allomorph)表示。所谓词素变体是指词素的非区别性变体，几个不同的变体一起构成一个词素。词素又分为自由词素和粘附词素。自由词素(free morpheme)是指本身具有完整意义，可以独立使用的词素。它可以是简单的单词，如 boy，girl，do，so 等，也可以是派生词的词根，如 im-polite，self-ish 等。自由词素具有较强的构词能力。粘附词素 (bound morpheme)是
4、指没有完整意义不能独立使用的词素。粘附词素只表示一种附加意义或语法意义，这种词素不能单独存在和使用，只有粘附在其他词素(主要是自由词素)上才能表示出它的意义。粘附词素的主要功能是在构词中充当词缀，如 unfriendliness 中的 un-，-ly ，-ness 等。3.Finite clauses and infinite clauses (限定性分句与非限定性分句,定义参见下面的简答题部分)注意这里分句的概念与传统语法的区别，特别是非限定性分句。Finite Clauses(1)名词性分句 What he said was incredible.(2)关系分句 This is one o
5、f the best books Ive ever read. (3)状语分句 If I were in your shoes, I wouldnt quit.Non-finite clauses： (1)非限定性名词性分句：She didnt know what to say(2)非限定性关系分句：The man standing by the window is her brother.(3) 非限定性状语分句： Published ten years ago，this is still the best dictionary二、 重要概念1.morpheme (参见第一部分测试题)2.p
6、arsing：Breaking a sentence into smaller components for analysis and then grouping them into various classes in a systematic way.把一个句子中的各种词按语法范畴给出名称一如主语、宾语、动词、性、数、格等一叫做句子成分分析(parsing)。3.Define the complex sentence：The complex sentence is a sentence that contains more than one clause that are .joined
7、together by subordinating one to another复杂句是用从属连词(如 if, when, though 等) 连接的一个以上分句的句子.三、 典型考题 I. 选择题1. There are ( ) morphemes in “gunfighter”. A. two B. three C. four D. one2. In “He downed his beer and punched me on the nose. ” “downed” belongs to ( ) . (P13) A. backformation B. clippingC. conversi
8、on D. blending3. Suffixes basically change ( ) . A. word meaning B. word classC. nothing D. word formation4. The prefix“uni-” means ( ) . A. without B. selfC. false D. oneKey: 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. DII. 简答题1. In terms of which three factors are words classified?The three factors are: the environment whe
9、re words occur, their internal structure and their meaning.2. Define the finite clauses and the non-finite clauses.The finite clauses are the ones that have subjects and finite verbs as predicatesThe non-finite clauses are the ones that leave subjects unsaid and verbs in non-finite forms( 限定分句是主语加限定
10、动词作谓语的分句。非限定分句是省略主语而动词以非限定形式出现(主语省略是因为其前面或后面已有主语。)Chapter 2 Sentence Types (第二章 句子类型)一、 难点、重点1英语句子四大类型为陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句；这四种句型分别表示提供信息，寻求信息，要求动作进行和表达说话者的情感.1. Explain the conditions in which we need to use non-assertive words in positive statements and assertive words in questions. (解释在肯定句中使用非肯定词和在疑问句
11、中使用肯定句的情况。)When a positive answer is expected, assertive words can be used in questions, such as: Would you like some more coffee? Is somebody waiting for me? 2. And in affirmative sentences in which there are negative import, if-clauses,putative should-clauses, and comparative clauses, non-assertiv
12、e words can be used, such as: He is too young to take any job.疑问句中如期望肯定回答,可用肯定词，在含有带否定含义的词，If-分句,should 推定分句,比较分句中也可用非肯定词.3Explain the difference between a tag question with a final rising tone and one with a final falling tone(解释附加疑问句结尾升调与降调的区别。)With a rising tone，the question expresses the speaker
13、s neutral expectation of the hearers response and invites the hearer to verify the truth of the proposition in the statementWith a falling tone，the speaker asks for the hearers confirmation of the statementIt can be regarded as similar to an exclamation(念升调，附加疑问句的说话者对对方的回答不是很确定；念降调，说话者期望对方证实他的陈述，有点类
14、似于感叹句。)Examples: Lovely weather, isnt it?应该念降调。4Commands.1) Be patient. (Command)2) You be patient. (Emphatic effect, or to light a contrast)So the following sentences are also commands:1) Someone take out the rubbish.2) Anybody help him!二、 重要概念1. Alternative questions: Those questions that suggest
15、two (or more) alternatives and usually imply that one of them could be true.2.How-exclamations: Exclamations that are led by the adverb how. It highlights the adjective, adverb, or verb in exclamations. 典型考题 选择题1. You have to wait a moment, _? A. havent you B. do you C. dont you D. shouldnt you 2. “
16、Mary wasnt in the reading - room, was she?“ “_.“ A. Yes, she wasnt B. No, she was C. Yes, she was D. She wasnt Key: 1. c 2. c简答题1. What are the verbs which transferred negation often occurs with? What is their shared semantic feature?(转移否定经常与哪些动词同现?它们有什么共同的语义特征?)The verbs which transferred negation
17、often occurs with are：think，believe，suppose，imagine and expectThey are the verbs that express “opinion” (转移否定经常与 think，believe，suppose，imagine 和expect 等动词连用。这些动词都是表示“意见”的语义。)2. What are the two major types of exclamations?(感叹句的两大类型是什么 ?)The two major types of exclamations are WHATexclamations and HO
18、W-exclamationsThe former is followed by a noun phrase；the latter is followed by an adjective or adverb感叹句分为 WHAT-感叹句和HOW-感叹句。前一种后接名词词组，后者接形容词或副词III完成下列句子1. Youd rather we didnt go there,_2. I dont think he will come,_?3. They must have lost their way,_?4. Lets talk about it later,_?5. Everyone is he
19、re,_?Key: 1.hadnt you 2. will he 3. mustnt/ didnt they 4. shall we 5.isnt here/arent theyChapter 3 Noun and Noun Phrase (1):Noun and Number(第三章 名词和名词词组(1)：名词和名词的数)一、 难点、重点The functions of noun phrases: In function, a noun phrase can play such grammatical roles as subject, object, complement, modifie
20、r and even adverbial. 名词词组的功能，可以作主语、宾语、补语、修饰语（a tea table） ，有些的甚至可以作状语(yesterday, last week)。1.Noun classes名词可以以多种方法分类,如具体名词(table, water)与抽象名词(happiness, hatred),可数名词(table, girl)与不可数名词(water,money),有生物名词(boy, monkey)与无生物名词(table, water)等.2.缩略词：加-s，-s，双写或零形式复数，首字母缩略词，加-s 或 -s：MP(议员) MPsMPsPOW(战犯 )
21、POWs POWs VIP(要人) VIPsVIPs 缩略词加-s，双写或用零形式复数：缩略词加-sDr (医生) Drshr(小时) hrs(或 hr)yd(码 ) yds Yr. (年) yrs双写:ex(例子) exxgal(加仑) gallp(页 ) pp或用零形式复数ft(英尺) ftkg(公斤 ) kgkm(公里) kmmin( 分) minsec (秒) Sec二、 重要概念1.Proper noun: Proper nouns are nouns referring to specific person, place or thing,such as Smith, Mark (
22、persons), Washington D.C., London (places), NATO, United Nations (things)(专有名称是特指人,地方或事物的名词)2.Mass noun: Those that can not take plural are mass nouns, such as butter, cheese, homework music, etc. (没有复数形式的名词叫物质名词)3.Unit noun: It is also called “partitive“, is a very special class of words that is us
23、ed to specify the quantities measures and shapes of the modified noun such as: piece, batch, bunch, item, etc. (单位名词亦称 “部分词”用于说明所修饰名词的量、大小和形状等)4.Foreign plurals：They are words borrowed from some other languages which still take their original forms of plural， Most often，they are from-Latin，French，Gr
24、eek：alumna-alumnae，index-indices，plateau-plateaux，analysisanalyses ，etc(外来词复数是指从外语中借来尚保持原来复数形式的复数名词，多是拉丁语、法语和希腊语等)三、典型考题 选择题1. _ plastics are made in this chemical plant. A. Many kind of B. Many kinds of C. Many kinds D. Many kind 2. “Jack has just moved into a new house.“ “Did he have to buy _for i
25、t?“ A. many new furniture B. much new furnitures C. much new furniture .D. many new furnitures 3. Michael took _ as to what he should do. A. his friends advise B. his friends advises C. his friend advice D. his friends advice Key: 1. B 2. C 3. D简答题1.Collective noun: These are generally countable nou
26、ns, but even in the singular they refer to groups of people, animals or things, such as family, class, team, government, committee, etc. (集体名词一般是可数名词,但就是单数,也指人, 动物或事物的群体)2.singular invariables: They are proper nouns like country names, personal names and mass nouns like those denoting sciences, subj
27、ects, diseases, and games. For example: the United States，the United Nations，Black，Jones，classics，physics，bronchitis，bowls，et。 (单数名词指的是某些国家名称，人名和表示学科、疾病和运动项目等形式上有以s 结尾的名词，一般用作单数)3.plural invariables：They are 1)names of tools and articles of dress consisting of two equal parts：binoculars，compasses，je
28、ans ，shorts ，etc 2)some collective nouns：cattle ，people，police，etc 3)geographical names of mountain ranges，waterfalls，groups of islands：the Rockies，the Balkans，Niagara Falls，etc4)other nouns ending in-s：archives ，arms ，etc(复数名词指由两部分构成的工具或服饰；某些集体名词；山脉、瀑布、群岛等地理名词以及其他以-s 结尾的名词，用作复数)其他题型Supply the appro
29、priate unit noun from the list below:company collection troop herd bundle drop piece ray swarm can school pack fleet crew1. a _ of ships 2. a _ of lies 3. a _ of firewood 4. a _ of whales5. a _ of sailors 6. a _ of bees 7. a _ of tourists 8. a _ of crude oil9. a _ of cattle 10. a _ of music 11. a _
30、of monkeys 12. a _ of coins13. a _ of blood 14. a _ of sunshineKey: 1. fleet 2. pack 3. bundle 4. school 5. crew 6. swarm 7. company 8. can 9. herd 10. piece 11. troop 12. collection 13. drop 14. rayChapter 4 Noun and Noun Phrase(2)：Determiner and Genitive(第四章 名词和名词词组(2)：限定词和属格)一、 难点、重点1.Group genit
31、ive 集体属格集体属格是指把s 加在后位修饰词组或并列名词词组后面的属格，如： someone elses car，an hour and a halfs test(一个半小时的测试)，a week or sos break(一个星期左右的休息)。但集体属格不用于含有后位修饰分句(限定分句和非限定分句)的名词词组中：* the lady living next doors hat* the children killed in the wars pictures2. Genitive :Generally, of-phrase is not used with first names, bu
32、t would be acceptable with full names:* The bike of Tom.* The car of George Bush3. DeterminersThe pre-determiners or central determiners are mutually exclusive:* all half the employees (two pre-determiners)* all the his employees (two central determiners)4. The difference between all and whole when
33、they modify a proper name:* The whole Beijing was excited at the news.* The all Beijing was excited at the news.二、重要概念1. Determiners(什么是限定词)?(限定词是指用于各词词组的前位修饰语的词，限定词放在修饰中心词的 形容词前面)2.Genitives: Forms or construction used to denote possession, measurement or source.Example: Johns car; a moments digres
34、sion; the resistance of Iraq三、 典型考题选择题1. Jack is _.a. a friend of a doctors b. the friend of a doctorsc. the friend of the doctors d. a friend of the doctors2. This is _.a. the passport of John b. the passport of Johnsc. the passport of John Smith d. the John passportKey: 1. d 3. c简答题1. What are gen
35、eric reference and specific reference(什么是类指和特指)?Generic reference and specific reference are the two uses of articlesGenetic reference indicates the whole species or kind，while specific reference，specific one or thing.类指和特指是冠词的两个用法。类指指事物(或人 )的整个种类，而物特指则是某一具体的事物(或人)2. Under what general circumstances
36、 do we prefer genitive to of-phrase and vice versa?(在什么情况下用属格不用 of-词组，什么情况下用 of-词组，不用属格?)When nouns refer to people，and the relation between the nouns is one of definition，classification，etc ，genitives are preferred，when nouns refer to inanimate，lifeless objects，and the head words of noun phrases ar
37、e classifying adjectives, ofphrases are preferred(当名词指人，或名词之间属于定义或归类关系时，用属格；而当名词指无生物，或中心词是 the+形容词时，用 of-词组)examples: * mens clothes / the teachers book * the color of the car / the struggle of the exploitedChapter 5 Verb and Verb Phrase(1)：Tense，Aspect and Future(第五章 动词和动词词组(1)：时、体和将来时间)一、 难点、重点本书采
38、用两时两体体系,理由有三。第一，传统语法是以时间为参照划分英语时态的，而在处理像 The train leaves at eight tomorrow morning和 They would have heard the news last night 等句子时遇到麻烦，因为在语言中形式与意义是不常等同或对应的。我们将英语的时分为两时现在时和过去时，是基于对英语形态的考虑。像汉语这样没有词汇屈折变化的语言根本就没有时。第二，时（tense， ）和体（aspect）是两个彼此独立的语法范畴。前者基于词汇的屈折变化，而后者基于结构分析。由于时与体经常合用，所以导致时体不分，时指动作发生的时间而体标
39、记动作发生的状态或方式。.第三，从教学角度上看，新的时体体系简单易学，还可以让学生懂得一种意义可以用不同的形式表示，一种形式也可表示不同的意义。2. Why do most contemporary English grammarians adopt a two-tense system?(当代英语语法家为什么采用两时体系?)Because tense is a verb formMorphologically ，only present tense and past tense have their forms of verbsA language (such as Chinese)whic
40、h has not verb forms has no tense.(因为时态是动词的形式。从形态上讲，英语只有现在时和过去时，动词才有变化形式，所以英语是两时体系。一门语言(如汉语)如没有动词的变化形式就没有时态。)3. Why is the past tense often used for politeness?(过去时为什么常用来表示客气的语气?)Because the past tense can make a question or a statement or a suggestion less directIt is more polite to use the past te
41、nse on the part of the speaker(因为过去时使疑问句、陈述句或建议不直接提出，显得委婉，所以说话者觉得它比现在时更利于表达客气的语气。)4. Non-progressive verbs: verbs that cannot occur in the progressive aspect. 非进行体动词不用于进行体中非进行体动词也可再分为关系动词(如 be，have，own，equal，weigh，等)，感知动词(如see， smell，taste，等)和态度动词(如 think，wonder，guess, like 等)e.g. *I am liking the c
42、ar.*He isnt thinking that is right.However, they can take the progressive form in the circumstances where they suggest temporariness, gradual increase of decrease, etc. 但在表达动作的短暂性、逐渐增加或减少时也使用进行体形式： e.g. You are being impolite.The milk is tasting worse. 5. Since-分句一般不用于否定句：We havent seen each other s
43、ince 1989.* Its ten years since I didnt see him* Hes had several jobs since he wasnt a student6. 现在进行体表示将来时间指的是人的行为和努力，别的情况不能用现在进行体：* Its raining tomorrow* The trees are losing their leaves soon二、重要概念1.Tense: Any one of the inflected forms in the conjugation of a verb that indicates the temporal loc
44、ation of an event or a state of affairs.时态指示时间如过去、现在动词的各种曲折变化形式的任何一种2.Aspect: aspect reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time.(反映动词的动作在时间上被识别和经历的方式。)三、典型考题选择题1. Five and five _ ten.a. make b. made c. will make d. is make2. The weather _ very cold as s
45、oon as the night fell in that mountainous area.a. was to be b. was going to bec. was d. was gettingKey: 1. a 2. b简答题1.Explain the relationship between tense and time (时态与时间有何区别 ?)Time and tense are not the same thing；time is concept and tense is a grammatical deviceDifferent tenses can express the s
46、ame period of time，such as the present( 时间与时态不是一回事；时间是一种概念而时态是一种语法手法。同一个时段(如现在)可以由多个不同的时态表示。).2. If tense is related to time, what is aspect related to? (如果时与时间有关，体又与什么有关?)When tense points to the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs，aspect“reflects the way in which the verb action is
47、 regarded or experienced with respect to time ”时与一个事件或状态的具体时间有关，而体则“指与时间有关的动作发生的方式” 。其他题型Correct the following sentences:1. Have you had a good time last week?2. The children ran out to play after they finish their homework.3. It rains tomorrow.4. He cant go on holiday because he broke his leg.5. Wh
48、en Father came back, we have already gone to bed.Key: 1. Did you have a good time last week?2. The children ran out to play after they (had) finished their homework.3. It will/is going to rain tomorrow.4. He cant go on holiday because he has broken his leg.5. When Father came back, we had already gone to bed.Chapter 6 Verb and Verb Phrase (2):Passive Voice and Subjunctive Mood(第六章 动词和动词词组(2)：被动态和虚拟式)一、 难点、重点1.Get-passive and be-passiveget-型被动态的使用不如 be-型被动态
