1、论史记传记人物形象的描写方法（On the description method of biographical figures in historical records）On the description method of biographical figures in historical recordsLi Ming Zhong“Historical records“ is the originator of biographical literature, historiography and literature will become history and All blen
2、d into one harmonious whole., countless writers imitated model. Sima Qian in the “historical records“ in the first write to people as the center of the humanities, created more than 100 typical vivid and true to life history characters, through writing history does not override the frame, creating a
3、 unique style of writing history books. This paper focuses on Sima Qians depiction of these characters using a variety of descriptive methods.A material, precise, reasonable tailoringAs a historical book, realism is the basic requirement. But only emphasizing the true but not the reasonable imaginat
4、ion will make the history books seem dull and lack of expression. In the creation of historical records, Sima Qian combines the two perfectly, respecting the objectivity of historical facts, and avoiding writing history into account. He had carefully arranged in the choice of materials, abandon thos
5、e historical figures in life some minor, non essential things, select the best performance character and feelings of material, according to the real life, they will be vividly reproduced. “Huaiyin Hou biography“ is the “historical records“ Chinese, the color is very strong in a few things, the autho
6、r selects the most typical Hans life to be careful on writing vivid, prominent Han resourceful, even millions, ever-victorious, invincible “general demeanor. His life experiences such as war many pieces will be recorded, the article will be mediocre, the author is to consider this point, focuses on
7、the description of the battle of Jingxing and battle of Wei river. The battle of Jingxing, Han Xin only to thousands of soldiers, to the death and then fight to win or die. The water of the war, is a surprise. Only the two, enough to show the Han military to rise above the common herd. Han Xin in th
8、e Han Dynasty is the first military, breaking, breaking, breaking the Han Wei Zhao, Yan, Qi, Chu and broken, all rely on the wisdom and the person of Han Xin, but Han Xin eventually ended up with a tragic ending. The author through some typical events, expounds the causes of his tragic fate, such as
9、 he and the emperors argument, do not listen to advice Kuai Tong, Chen Herba intersects with doubt without knowing it, at the show, Han kind, credulous character side. It is these events echoes, a Han character of variety, vividness and richness.Typical materials and so on, prominent character of th
10、e example can be found everywhere in the “historical records“ biographies. Wu Qis mother died of no return, Shaqiqiujiang (“grandson Wu Qi biography“), straight no doubt that the “theft of gold“ and “customers“ (“Wan Shi Zhang Shu biography“), GouJian Revival (“Yue family“) and so on, in the biograp
11、hy, have played a prominent the character, show the essential characteristics of the role. At Shemoqiuben, typical material is Sima Qians Historical Biographies can obtain one of the great success.Two, exquisite, vividDetail description is one of the important means to create artistic images in lite
12、rary works. Sima Qian wrote a biography, in addition to seize the major events in the life of people as the rendering is very thick and heavy in colours, choose some typical details for work, so as to show the characters, revealing the characters spirit. Although most of these details are reasonable
13、 imagination and fiction, but has become an important means of characterization, become “historical records“ from the “Han“, “Han“ and other historical works unique style.Liu Bang is one of the most vivid characters in Sima Qians works, so the detailed description of Liu Bang is also one of the most
14、. “Liu Hou family“ cloud: “but in the palace,The palace treasures to thousands of women use dogs and horses, to stay in the. The same time the US house fan Kuai Jian, listen. Liang said: “the husband Qin Road, so it goes so far. Husband of the world except for residual thief, Yi Gao su. This beginni
15、ng in Qin Dynasty, namely the so-called “security music, evildoers help one another. And “bitter poison to Faithful words grate upon the ear., conducive to disease , but may listen to fan Kuai words.“ The US is also on the army.“ Liu Bangben “to stay“, fankuai advised its dont listen to, because aft
16、er all, facing the full library treasures, everywhere pretty and unmoved, is difficult. But Zhang Liangxiao with interest, Liu Bang or reason to obey the advisers advice. Liu Bang from the beginning of the “listen“ to later “also on the army“, a detail description reveals Liu Bang “not interested in
17、 small“, also shows that he can learn from you, this is one of the main reasons Liu Bang can finally defeat Xiang Yu won the world. “Also on the army“, Liu Bang and the elders “pledge“, and is not influenced by the Qin people “and wine for soldiers“, these details are linked together, to further cha
18、racterize Liu Bang foresight, deeply shrewd, public knowledge, morale, good remonstrance, will in the world politicians like shape. When Liu Bang came back from Hanzhoung, to the east to Luoyang, the article said: “to Luoyang, Metro Sanlao Dong Gong said to cover Hanvon death Hanvon Yidi smell, so b
19、are and cried, then Yidi mourning, pro three.“ This “Hanvon Wen Zhi, a cry“ character, Liu Bang that good at acting face portrait is very lively. Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fight Guang Wu, wrote: “Xiang Yu was shot Hanvon V crossbow. Hanvon injury chest, but the children said: “my foot brine!“ This revea
20、ls Liu Bangs cunning and emergent personality. It can be said that the versatility and complexity of Liu Bangs personality are depicted by detail description, and Liu Bangs image is lifelike.According to “historical records“ of the book, such details are many, such as “Liu Hou family“ write a good d
21、eath for the elderly Yi PI you take on “family“ written by Chen; domestic farming sigh; “Pingyuan Yuqing biography“ written Pingyuan hypocritical Concubine “biography of General Li kill;“ write “in Shi Li Guang hunting arrowhead and so on, these details are some stories happened in the lives of the
22、characters, vivid and authentic but can strengthen the characters, resulting in vivid impression, and unique personality, more important significance lies in some characters more subtle thoughts emotional change, so they cause in social and political life as the intrinsic performance of character, e
23、ven a historical figure cause the key to success and failure, gain and loss and so on, through some important details,“ because of the small. Big show. Its a very artistic dialectics. This is one of the important artistic experiences left by Sima Qian in depicting historical figures.Three, conflict
24、writing, forcing the image of charactersIt is easy to reveal characters and spiritual world by putting characters into the torrent of conflict and struggle. Sima Qian with his keen artistic observation and excellent writing skills, consciously or unconsciously use this artistic rule for the creation
25、, created a large number of flesh and blood, the unique characteristics of the historical figures, to the “historical records“ this masterpiece adds a heavy.“Xiang Yu Ji“ in shaping the image of Xiang Yu is fully embodies this point. It can be said that Xiang Yu is one of the most successful, the mo
26、st vivid, the most tragic image of art in the historical records. The author of this character full of sympathy, pity, with complex and abundant emotions, put him in the “battle of Julu“, “Banquet“ and “two Wei three related to the success or failure of the important events in life to focus on descr
27、iption and characterization. These three struggles are of great significance in the final competition between Liu and Xiang in the two party.It is in such a strong conflict that Xiang Yus image gradually becomes plump and becomes a tragic figure who respects and feels sympathy for later generations.
28、 “Battle of Julu“, Xiang Yu in the critical juncture, killed Song Yi Zhang rate army across the water, boats, with overwhelming heroism, defeated Qin, won the glorious victory. Write this war, only more than 200 words, it vividly portray a heroic, force Nukiyama heroes heroes. Write “Banquet“, is an
29、other scene. Although the flesh of the war, but also P, Xiang Yu threatened by growing crises, arrogant and short-sighted, believe in, irresolute and hesitant without seeking to raise the wrong among the exposed dishes. “Two Wai“, because Xiang Yu repeatedly lost opportunities and eventually get int
30、o trouble. The article is full of heroic, solemn and desolate atmosphere. Xiang Yu cut Wujiang is dead still male, his life came to an end, but his image is the continuation of future generations, to become the hero model in peoples minds. From the shape of the heroic image of Xiang Yu, is not diffi
31、cult to get a glimpse of Taishigong style magnificent and exquisite.Four, 22 contrast, contrast charactersSima Qian wrote biographies of historical records, using a lot of contrast techniques. With a character in the “Guan Yan compared, such as biographies“, Yan Ying and Guan Zhong contrast, Guan Zh
32、ong “rich to the office, there are three return, but Yan Ying is anti goblets“, “frugal force focused on qi. Both the homogeneous phase, Shibuzhongrou, I dont wear silk.“ Two people are extravagant and thrifty, in sharp contrast. “Biography“ in the state of Wei, Wei Weis dotage mediocrity and confid
33、ence, calm and magnanimous is a contrast; plain gentleman does not know the people, and the peoples false Aishi Wei intellectuals is a sinister intent, and contrast; Wei Gongzi Hou Ying of the experienced and steady and generous, warm love is another contrast. There are different characters from rem
34、ote comparison, such as “Xiang Yu Ji“ and “emperor of the Millennium“, everywhere in stark contrast. From the personal temperament than Liu Bang, mercurial, Xiang Yu honest conservative political ability than; from Liu Bang, visionary, learn from you, Xiang Yu is shortsighted and self-willed; from t
35、he political policy than Liu Bangshun, people and public opinion, for Ren Yi, Xiang Yu, light inverse popular opinion, cruel cruel, indifferent from Liu Bang; the attitude of Xiang Yu, emotion shigeyoshi Comparison, or two people, readers at a glance. As “biography of General Li“ and “cavalry genera
36、l Wei“ biography of General Li Guang, honest life, and they share the joys and sorrows, through more than 70 war, made illustrious military exploits, but in the end not Fenghou, Huo and noble family, do not care about peoples hunger and well-being, but a meteoric rise, rich life, these two character
37、s just as the contrast. In addition, such as “Huaiyin“ and “Xiao Hou biography“, “family Minister Liu Hou biography“, “official“ and “ruthless biography biography“, “Zhang Shizhi Feng Tang biography“ and “Wan Shi Zhang Shu biography“ and so on, have successfully used the contrast technique. By compa
38、ring Sima Qian to write people is wise, in contrast, the advantages and disadvantages of personality characters can be reflected in the most concentrated, clear in the short space, strong contrast and contrast caused by is the most easy to make vivid and touching. By contrast, fully embodies the Sim
39、a Qian style of heavy strokes, sublime.Five, unique language, outstanding personalityThe language of biographies in historical records is rich and colorful, accurate and vivid, which gives a very deep impression on people. The character of the language is a part of the character, because everyone ca
40、n rely on their own language habits to speak, but his language style also reflects the culture, life experience and personality, that is to say, everyone talking content, tone is different. Sima Qians brilliant point is that he can accurately write those in a particular language environment, the mos
41、t can show the character characteristics of the words, this is the so-called personalized language,This is another important means of describing characters by Sima Qian.For example, Chen She, Xiang Yu, Liu Bang, three people, said that reflects their desire to fight for the world, but very different
42、. Chen She: “military and political leaders is rather a kind of peace?“Xiang Yu said, “it is advisable to replace it.“!“ Liu Bang: “sigh! The husband should be so!“ Three peoples words fully reflect their respective identity, personality. Chen She said the lower class peoples identity, he embodies t
43、he rebellious personality; more words with his aristocratic old identity reflects his extraordinary courage and simply forthright personality; Liu Bang was consistent with his yeoman identity, reflecting his envy of emperor humble and selfish luxury life the ambition to win the world.In addition, th
44、e “Huaiyin Hou biography“ in Han and Liu Bangs theory of dialogue will be the prime minister, “Zhang biographies“ in imitation of Zhou Chang stutter, “Wei Wuan Hou biography“ reflected in Dou Ying kind, rough bold, upright and fills the husband, dare to do everything good play rough words and so on,
45、 are written in a very wonderful well, highlighting the personality traits of the characters.Six, deep into the heart of characters, plump character imageTo make the characters vivid, full, cannot leave the characterspsychological movement on the performance, because a small movement of characters,
46、words, characters to do something, must reflect his simple or complex psychological, to seize this moment and the characters psychology show, it is to build a bridge of communication between readers and characters, so that readers can go deep into the inner world of the characters, so that character
47、s will give the reader a sense of three-dimensional, are easier to be understood and accepted by readers, while characters naturally stand up. As a historian, Sima Qian used psychological description to portray characters without causing false suspicion. The difficulty was considerable, but Sima Qia
48、n did it.For example, “Prime Minister Chen family“ in such a description:Lv Xuchang Chen Ping is seeking to fan Kuai Gautier before, said: “the number of slander Chen Ping for non treatment, daily drinking wine, women play.“ Chen Pingwen, increasingly. Empress Dowager Wen, private happiness. Lu Xu i
49、n flour Chen Pingyue: “our language called daughter-in-law population is not available,“ Gu Jun and I like the ear. Lu Xuzhi Chan also fearless.“Lu Xuzhi said, the envy of mental harbour evil designs. The reason why Chen Ping “is what“, because that Lu is afraid of his own to a virtuous appearance, is a high power main shock will bring fatal disaster, which reflects his “increasingly very“ complex psychological activity, thus eliminating Lus guard. After Lu “private joy alone“ she reflects on Chen Ping assured psychology, and when a Lu Xu face assured Chen Ping t
