1、来源：高考资源网高考资源网()英语写作解题与构思看到一个英语作文题，在动笔之前要思考如下问题：一时态不同的文体需要不同的时态：记叙文（一般过去时为主） ；应用文（一般现在时和一般将来时为主） ；议论文（一般现在时为主） ；书信（视书信内容而定） ；图表作文（一般过去时和一般现在时为主） 。二措词写作文既要注意词能达意，又要注意措词恰当得体。特别是书信类的作文，这点尤为重要。三内容认真读题，确定要点四段落作文一般包括一个开头段、一至两个扩展段和一个结尾段。1. 开头段：语言精练，并且直接切入主题。一般在开头段写四句左右即可。开头段的作用：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。【写作要点】写
2、开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题:1) 开头偏离主题太远；2) 使用抱歉或埋怨之词句；3) 内容不具体，言之无物；2. 中间段：篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长 1) 段落中一定具备主题句；讨论的内容主次分明；2) 段落内容应该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节；3) 内容顺序安排合理，逻辑性较强；段落之间连贯自然；4) 词与句型运用合理并且有变化。3. 结尾段结尾段要干脆利落，深化主题。结尾段的写作方法很多，常用的有如下四种：1.总结归纳：简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。1) Taking into account of all these factors, we may re
3、ach the conclusion that 2) Judging from all evidence offered，we may safely come to the conclusion that2.重申主题：再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。3.预测展望：立足当前，放眼未来。4.提出建议：提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。五学生作文中的常见问题：1. 不一致（Disagreements ）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致，时态不一致及指代不一致等例 Once people have money , he can do what he want to
4、 .人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么剖析：本句是典型的指代不一致和主谓不一致。people 是集体名词，却用了 he 指代，而 he 是第三人称单数，谓语却用了原型。可改为 Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do). 2. 修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）受中文思维影响，不考虑英语习惯的不同。提示：要特别注意形容词和副词的位置。例 I very much like these present at the meeting girls.我非常喜欢这些参加会议的女孩。 可改为 I like these girls
5、 present at the meeting very much.3. 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）：经常缺少连词或主语例 1.He speaks very loudly so that can be heard by all of us.He speaks very loudly so that he can be heard by all of us.例 2.There are many people think it is important to enter a good university.改为：There are many people who think
6、 it is important to enter a good university.24. 悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中at the age of ten只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时按一般推理不可能是 my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例 To do well in college,
7、good grades are essential.改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.5. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等例 Some people against the idea. 剖析：against 系介词，误作动词。改为：Some people are against the idea.例 2 As a result of it rained heavily, people had to stay indoors.
8、 剖析：of 系介词，误作连词。改为：As a result of the heavy rain, people had to stay indoors.6. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。例 1. Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起
9、误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例 2. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself. 剖析：句中人称代词 we 和反身代词yourself 指代不一致。改为：We can also know society by serving it ourselves.7. 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)所谓“综合性
10、语言错误” ，是指除了上述错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。例 Today, Money to everybody was very importance, ours eat, cloth, live, go etc.六短文改错短文改错题所涉及到的高频考点，恰好也是中学生在写作中经常出现的错误。即：1）词法内容：包括名词、代词的数与格，反身代词，动词时态语态，非谓语动词、短语动词的用法，不规则动词的变化形式，形容词的比较级，形容词副词的区别，介词的误用等。2）句法内容：包括主谓一致、指代一致，并列连词，从属连词等引导各种从句的关联词语，感叹句，疑问句，祈使句的结构等。
11、3）行文逻辑：包括句子的肯定、否定、推理、判断等。下面提供的每篇范文皆设置了 10 处错误（划线句无错） ，请修改后再学习之。范例 1】假如你是一名大学生叫李华，对近年来大学毕业生就业情况颇有已见，请根据下面提供的信息向报社写信谈谈你的看法。字数 100 左右。开头已给出 。学生心态 向往城市，不愿下乡。就业现状 城市人才过剩；农村渴求人才。就业前景 农村天地广阔，可施展才华。Dear editor, I am writing to you to talk about taking up occupations for college graduates. Nowadays many grad
12、uates are looking forward to obtain employment in big cities, unwilling work in the countryside.As matter of fact, there are no enough opportunities to satisfy most of the hunter in big cities while in the countryside talented people badly needed and a lot 3of posts are waiting us. Rural areas are a
13、 vast world, which you could put your abilities to good use but youll be able to make greater contributions to the building of new countryside.However, I believe we can have as bright a future in the country as we have in the city.Yours sincerely , Li Hua范例 2】假如你叫李平，是一位成绩优秀的学生，你班班主任在安排座位时，让成绩好的学生和成绩
14、差的学生作同桌，这在你们班成绩优秀的学生中引起了反响，团活课上大家就此进行了讨论。现在请你根据下表把讨论结果向班主任写一封信反映一下，并说出自己的观点。赞同 反对 你的观点1人人有长处和不足；2相互学习，建立友谊；3帮助他们学习从而使他们建立自信。1部分学习差的学生常违反校规校纪，担心自己会受影响。2老是问问题，使自己不能专心。？注意：1词数：100120，短文的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。2短文需包括表中所有要点，内容可适当发挥，以使行文连贯。Dear Mr. Zhang,We have held a discussion about whether it is good or no
15、t for a top student to share a desk with a slower student.Some are for the idea. As they know, everyone has strength as well as weaknesses. Although they are not good at lessons, they might do good in other fields like sports or arts. Therefore, they can learn from each other, they may develop a fri
16、endship. In addition to, top students can help slower ones gain self-confidence by helping them with their lessons, which benefit them all.Others, however, dont hold same view. They think some slower students are always making trouble, such as keep talking in class, breaking school rules, which may
17、lead to them forming the bad habits. Besides, slower students often ask top students questions, which has a bad effect on their studies.In my opinion, Id like to choose share a desk with a slower student so that can learn from each other and make progresses together. Yours,Li Ping范例 3】假定你是某市居民，名叫李华。
18、你觉得该市出租车行业问题较多，请写一封信给该市市长，内容应包括：问题 (1)停靠点太少，不易打的; (2)欺诈外地乘客; (3)车速过快，事故频频;(4)仍有拒载者; (5)深夜聚集在娱乐场所外等客时制造噪音，影响他人休息。建议 要求采取措施注意：1.字数 100 词左右。文章开头已给出。2.参考词汇：绕道：take a roundabout route Dear Mayor, Im a resident of the city. I feel there are many problems exist in the trade of taxi in our city. First of al
19、l, there are still not enough stops in the streets so its not easy to take a taxi. And taxis often ran very fast, 4which causes many traffic accidents. Whats more, some taxi drivers still refuse to pick some passengers without any reason. Another terrible thing often happens is that deeply at night
20、taxis waiting around the entertainment places make more noise. Many people cant rest well. A friend of mine living in another city once visited me, she told me our city taxi drivers cheated him by taking a roundabout route. What will a guest think of our city after so a bad experience? I think we mu
21、st take actions. Maybe the first thing to do is raise the taxi drivers professional morality.We are looking forward to your reply.Sincerely yours,Li Hua范例 4】下图表反映的是我校 2002 年与 2005 年学生健康状况调查的部分数据。请你为某报写一份报告，反映三年间学生健康状况的变化情况，分析其原因并提出相应的改进措施（不少于两条）。注意：1报告必须包括图表中所有内容。2词数：120 左右。A recent survey shows tha
22、t the health of the students in our school have been going from bad to worse in the past three years . The number of nearsighted students has increased from 78.2% in 2002 to 92.5% in 2005 , and that of overweight , from 36% to 52.4%. Comparing to 2002 nearly 10% more students lack of sleep because o
23、f many homework to do. Besides, over 15% more students have become mentally unhealthy .To improve students healthy, we call for less homework . Only in this way students get plenty of sleep and meanwhile prevent them from get nearsighted . Properly diets and exercise should also be paid attention so
24、 that they wont easily put on weight . With ouir heavy burdens removed , students can then be mentally 来源：高考资源网高考资源网()One careless move may lose the whole game.一步不慎，满盘皆输。过渡性词语要学会使用过渡词。过渡词犹如“桥梁”和“ 粘合剂”。恰当地使用过渡词可避免结构松散，层次分明，表意不清等弊端，使文章条理清楚，文字连贯流畅。常用的过渡词有：递进型： also, (and)besides, whats more, moreover,
25、furthermore, in addition, even, whats worse, worse still, to make matters worse, for the worse, not only but also 等；解释型：that is (to say), in other words, or ，namely, if fact, in reality, as a matter of fact 等；转折型：however, but, yet, nevertheless, instead, on the coutrary,on the other hand 等；列举型：first
26、secondfinally, on the one hand, on the other hand, for one thing, for another 等举例型：for example, for instance, such as, that is, like, take for example 等；因果型：because (of), since, now that, thanks to, due to; thus, therefore, as a result (consequence),so that, so that 等；让步型：though, although, in spite
27、of, despite 等；顺序型：firstnextand thenfinally, firstthenafter thatfinally 等；并列型：and, bothand, or, eitheror, as well as, 等时间型：afterwards, soon, later, the moment/ immediately/ on doing, hardlywhen, no soonerthan 等总结型：in a word, to sum up, in short, on the whole, in conclusion 等见解型：in my opinion, persona
28、lly speaking, as far as I am concerned，Im sure 等条件型：if, as long as, so long as, on condition that , unless 等【选词填空】例 1】 in my opinion /however /thus/ in the long run / in additionAt present , many high school students are addicted to buying lottery tickets and they seem to have good reasons . _, Id l
29、ike to talk about my views on the phenomenon._, its disadvantages are far more than its advantages, despite one of their reasons that they can do something useful for society in this way . High school students cant support themselves financially but depend on their parents for the moment. _, in orde
30、r to collect money with which to buy lottery tickets, they may try every possible means , even commit crimes ._, if they put their minds on lottery tickets, their lessons will be more or less affected. And_, lottery ticket purchasing may contribute to their wrong understanding that there must be a s
31、hortcut to every destination , which will surely do great harm to their future life.Therefore, I think it is necessary for them to keep away from lottery stations and concentrate on their studies for now.例 2】 6so far as/ as well as /therefore/ only /just like / still/ howeverAs is apparently shown i
32、n the chart above, many middle school students have problems both physically and mentally, with 70% of students having learning anxieties_ bad eyesight, and a larger percentage lacking sleep. Coming next is the lack of physical exercise. 40% of the students surveyed wont obey their parents or teache
33、rs. _fewer claimed not to have enough communication with others._I am concerned, we students should balance our physical exercise and studies. _a saying goes:“ All work but no play makes Jack a dull boy,“ without a sound body one cannot achieve anything; _, too much attention has been paid only to s
34、tudies. _, I suggest we be given less homework and more time for out-of-classroom activities to solve all the problems. _ in this way can we lead a healthy life.例 3】last but not least/ on the other hand/ as follows/ recently/ second /whats more /first_, a discussion has been held in our school on wh
35、ether it is reasonable for the universities to admit students through interviews. The results are_:60% of the students support this action. They express that interviews can evaluate a student in a more thorough and comprehensive way. It can encourage students to develop their own interests and perso
36、nalities. _, with the development of society, a more open and efficient way to test a students abilities is needed._, the other 40% students are against this idea. They argue that_, interviews may be subjective and one-sided, which could lead to unfairness. _, not all students are good at showing th
37、eir talents in interviews. _, a student cant be judged in only three or five minutes.例 4】on the contrary / /in their opinion besides/ what is worse/ howeverRecently we have had a heated discussion on whether people should keep pets at home in cities. Some students think its a good idea to keep pets
38、because old people who live alone at home can get some comfort from pets. _, getting along well with animals will make our life interesting. _, the other students are against the idea. _, if too many people keep pets at home, it is bad for the environment. _, pets may make too much noise and even at
39、tack people.I like animals, so I dont think it is bad to keep pets at home. _, we must take some measures to prevent them from polluting our environment or causing other troubles.例 5】besides that/ in spite of/ thus/ for example/ in my opinion /as for /furthermoreNewspapers have been popular for a lo
40、ng time, but in recent years more and more people prefer to get news from the Internet. Newspapers and websites are similar in several ways. _, they both aim at providing information to the public. _, advertising is an important way for both of them to make money._ the above similarities, there are
41、a few differences. Websites update their news freely. _ newspapers, nothing can be changed once published. _, websites offer us the latest news faster than newspapers. _, newspapers have to be paid for while most 7websites are free. And it is on the websites that we can express ourselves and exchang
42、e ideas with others more easily._, websites and newspaper play their own roles in our lives and they are part of our lives.Pride hurts, modesty benefits.满招损，谦受益.句子才是灵魂句子是文章的基本单位,一个好的句子除了能够准确表达作者的意思，还需要简洁生动。一、句子要简洁写作要求精练，因为，简洁的表达能起到更加强调的作用。故设法 1）避免使用空洞、多余的短语；2）避免过多地使用并列句；3）避免不必要的重复。请看下面各例：1）Owing to
43、the fact that I had a lot of work to do, it wasnt possible for me to accept their invitation.本句要表达的意思很简单，可是一堆空洞的短语使句子显得很累赘，改为下面的句子就简洁明了多了。I was too busy to accept their invitation.2) My hometown is a quiet, peaceful place. It is quiet and peaceful because of the small number of people living there.有
44、时为了构成平行的句子结构或达到强调的目的，我们会重复使用某些词语。但是，无目的地重复会导致笨拙。可改为：My hometown is a quiet, peaceful place because of the small number of people.二、语言要生动写作时要吸引读者的兴趣，句子就需生动、充满活力。平淡无味的句子会使人生厌，注意力分散。但要写出生动的句子就必须注意做到：1.交错使用长短句长句和短句各有各的特点，长句结构复杂、容量大，能表达比较复杂的内容，叙事具体、说理严密。短句结构简单、短小精悍、明白易懂。在写作中应当交错使用长句和短句，使句子的长短多样化，增加语言的表现力
45、。请看下面的一段话：I returned to my room. There was a note under my door. It was from Bob. He said he was in the town and looked for a job. He hadnt found anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me.一连串的短句，读起来使人感到单调乏味，为了使文字更为生动，意义更加明确，可做如下改动：When I returned to my room, I found a note from Bob
46、under the door. He said he was in the town looking for a job, but hadnt found anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me.2.灵活使用多样句式8(1) 既可以用主动式也可以用被动式, 例如:例 1：We use machines not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.Machines are widely used not only in in
47、dustry but in other sectors of national economy as well.(2) 既可以用肯定式也可以用否定式, 例如:例 1： I shall go there unless it rains.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.(3) 某些修饰成分既可以用在句子前面也可以用在后面, 还可以用在中间, 例如:例 1： In fact, speaking is one of the most important means of communication.Speaking is in fact one of the mo
48、st important means of communication.(4) 既可以是正常语序也可以是倒装语序, 例如:例 1：A new type of TV sets was among the products on display.Among the products on display was a new type of TV sets.(5) 既可以用简单句也可以用并列句或者主从复合句, 例如 :例 1：Nowadays a lot of people work in office, spending most of their time indoors.Nowadays a lot of people work in office and they spend most of their time i
