1、CATECHOLAMINES,CATECHOL,CATECHOLAMINE,DOPAMINE (DIHYDROXYPHENYL- ETHYLAMINE),NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALINE),EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE),CATECHOLAMINES,NORADRENALINE POSTGANGLIONIC FIBRES OF SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ADRENERGIC FIBRES) FOUND IN HIGHEST CONCENTRATION IN HYPOTHALAMUS AND CERTAIN ZONES O
2、F LIMBIC SYSTEM. MOST NORADRENERGIC NEURONES ARISE IN LOCUS COERULEUS. INHIBITORY IN ACTION. ALSO IN ADRENAL MEDULLA.,DOPAMINE MAINLY IN CNS. FOUND IN BASAL GANGLIA ESP. CAUDATE NUCLEUS, NEOSTRIATUM, NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF AMYGDALA, MEDIAN EMINENCE AND AND RESTRICT
3、ED FIELDS OF THE FRONTAL CORTEX. PREDOMINENT ACTION INHIBITORY,ADRENALINE CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA. IN CNS FOUND IN MEDULLARY RETICULAR FORMATION CONNECTING TO A FEW PONTINE AND DIENCEPHALIC NUCLEI.,NORADRENALINE DEFICIENCY BEHAVIOURAL DEPRESSION- EXCESS MANIADOPAMINE EXCESS SCHIZZOPH
4、RENIA & PSYCHOSES- DEFICIENCY PARKINSONS DISEASEHYPERTENSION - CATECHOLAMINE VASCULAR TONE BP,DOPAMINE (DIHYDROXYPHENYL- ETHYLAMINE)DOPAMINE-b-HYDROXYLASE (ASCORBIC ACID, O2, Cu2+ ),NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALINE)PHENYLETHANOLAMINE-N- METHYL TRANSFERASE (S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE),EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE)
5、,PHENYLALANINE,TYROSINE,DYHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE (DOPA),BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY,PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE (DIHYDROBIOPTERIN),TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE (TETRAHYDROPTERIDINE, O2, Fe 2+ ) 5 8x10-5 M IN BLOOD,DOPA DECARBOXYLASE L-AROMATIC AMINOACID DECARBOXYLASE (PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE),PHENYLETHANOLAMINE,PHENYLETHY
6、LAMINE,DOPAMINE-b-HYDROXYLASE,TYRAMINE,OCTOPAMINE,a-METHYLDOPA a-METHYLNOREPINEPHRINE FALSE NEUROTRANSMITTER,Ser40,DIACYLGLYCEROL,PROTEIN KINASE C,ACase,cAMPPK,REGULATION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE,TETRAMER 59000 M.WT FEEDBACK INHIBITION BY CATECHOLAMINES N-TERMINAL REGULATORY DOMAIN,Ser40,PHOSPHORYLAT
7、ION BY cAMPPK OR PKC ON SERINE 40 DECREASES Km FOR PTERIDINE COFACTOR (CATECHOLAMINE RELEASED),Cal.Ca2+ KINASE,Cal +Ca2+,Cal.Ca2+,Ca2+,Ser19,ACTION POTENTIAL,DEPOLARIZATION,Ser40,DIACYLGLYCEROL,PROTEIN KINASE C,ATP,ACase,cAMPPK,PHOSPHORYLATION ON SERINE 19 BY Ca2+-CAMODULIN PK RESULTS ON BINDING OF
8、ACTIVATOR PROTEIN AND INCREASE IN THE Vmax OF THE ENZYME. DUAL PHOSPHORYLATION RESULTS IN FULLY ACTIVE ENZYME,STORAGE,CHROMAFFIN GRANULESLARGE VESICLES,NORADRENALINE(2 POOLS),DOPAMINE-b- HYDROXYLASE,ATP,Ca2+/Mg 2+ ATPase,POLYOPIOID PRECURSORS,CHROMOGRANIN (GLYCOSYLATED/ SULPHATED PROTEIN),NE:ATP 12:
9、1 EPI:ATP 4:1,SMALL VESICLES NO CHROMOGRANIN NO DOPAMINE-b-HYDROXYLASE NO OPIOID PEPTIDES ONE POOL NE,NEURONAL CELL X NERVE TERMINAL,MICROTUBULES,COLCHICINE,METABOLISM,DRUG ACTION,ADRENAL MEDULLA,ACTIVE IN RESPONSE TO COLD, STRESS, FEAR, ANGER, LOW BLOOD SUGAR, CEREBRAL ANOXIA, ASPHYXIA, LOW BLOOD P
10、RESSURE,ADRENERGIC AGONISTS,OH,HO,CH2,CH,NH+,HO,CH3,CH3,ISOPROTERENOL b (ISOPRENALINE),EPINEPHRINE MIXED,ANTAGONISTS,b a PROPRANOLOL PHENTOLAMINE BUTOXAMINE (b2) PHENOXYBENZAMINE METOPROLOL (b1) ERGOT ALKALOIDS BUPRANOLOL (b3) PRAZOCIN (a1)YOHIMBINE (a2),DISTRIBUTION,a1 RECEPTORS POSTSYNAPTIC EFFECT
11、OR SITES ON SMOOTH MUSCLE, GLAND CELLS, LIVER ETC.a2 RECEPTORS EXIST ON NERVE TERMINALS (PRE-SYNAPTIC FEEDBACK INHIBITION OF NOREPINEPHRINE RELEASE). POST-SYNAPTIC SITES IN NUMEROUS TISSUES INCLUDING CEREBRAL CORTEX, PLATELETS, UTERUS, LIVER ETC.b1-RECEPTORS PREDOMINENTLY IN CARDIAC ANDADIPOSE TISSU
12、E. PRE-SYNAPTIC FIBRES IN CNS, RBCs.b2-RECEPTORS SMOOTH MUSCLE AND GLAND CELLS. MOST COMMONb3-RECEPTORS - ATYPICAL RECEPTORS. ADIPOSE TISSUE, LIVER AND HEARTDIFFERENT TISSUES MAY POSSESS b1, b2 ANDb3 RECEPTORS E.G. LIVER, ADIPOSE TISSUE.,FLIGHT OR FRIGHT RESPONSE,SYSTEM ACTION RECEPTORLIVER GLYCOGEN
13、OLYSIS a1 GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS b2 & b3 GLUCONEOGENESIS UREAGENESISMUSCLE GLYCOGENOLYSIS b2 GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS ADIPOSE LIPOLYSIS b1 & b3 TISSUE LIPOGENESIS b1 & b3 LIPOLYSIS a2PANCREAS INSULIN SECRETION b2 INSULIN SECRETION a2HEART RATE & FORCE b1BLOOD CONSTRICTION a1 VESSELS DILATION b2GUT CONSTRICTIO
14、N a1 SPHINCTERS DILATION b2CATECHOL- RELEASE b1 AMINE RELEASE a2 RELEASE,b-RECEPTORS,ATP 35cyclic AMP,ACTIVATES ADENYLATE CYCLASE,R2C2 + 4cAMP 2C + (R2.4cAMP),PYRUVATE KINASEPYRUVATE KINASE,GLYCOGEN SYNTHASEGLYCOGEN SYNTHASE,PHOSPHORYLASE KINASEPHOSPHORYLASEKINASE,TRIGLYCERIDE LIPASETRIGLYCERIDE LIPASE,ACETYL CoA CARBOXYLASEACETYL CoA CARBOXYLASE, GLYCOGENOLYSIS,GLUCONEO-GENESIS, LIPOLYSIS, LIPOGENESIS,GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS,PHOSPHOLIPASE Cb,
