1、树形图详细讲解1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady suddenly left.Det A N Qual Vb) The car stopped at the end of the road.Det N V P Det N P Det Nc) The snow might have blocked the road.Det N Aux Aux V Det Nd) He never appears quite mature.N Qual V Deg A2. The foll
2、owing phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) full of peopleAPA P Nfull of peopleb) a story about a sentimental girlNPNP PPDet N P NPDet A Na story about a sentimental girlc) often read detective storiesVPADV V NPA Noften read detective
3、stories2d) the argument against the proposalsNPNP PPDet N P NPDet Nthe argument against the proposalse) move towards the windowVPV PPP Det Nmove towards the window3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.a) The jet landed.InflP(=S) NP Infl VPDet N Pst VThe jet landedb) Mary
4、 became very ill.InflP(=S) NP Infl VPN Pst V APDeg AMary became very illc) What will you talk about?CPNP C SN Infl NP Infl VP VP NP3V P NWhat will you e talk about ed) The apple might hit the man.S NP VPDet N Aux V NPDet NThe apple might hit the manORInflP(=S) NP Infl VPDet N V NPDet NThe apple migh
5、t hit the mane) He often reads detective stories.S NP VPN Qual V NPA NHe often reads detective storiesOR InflP(=S) NP Infl VPPresN Qual V NPA N4He often reads detective stories4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw
6、the tree structures.a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.InflP(=S) NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V NPDet A NA frightened passenger landed the crippled airplaneb) A huge moon hung in the black sky.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PPP NPDet A NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) An unusual e
7、vent occurred before the meeting.InflP(=S) NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PPP NPDet NAn unusual event occurred before the meetingd) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.InflP(=S) 5NP Infl VPDet A NP Pst V PPA N P NPDet A NA quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill5. The following sentences al
8、l contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.InflP(=S) NP VPN Aux V NPDet A NPN CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsORInflP(=S) NP VPN Infl V NPDet A NPN CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen p
9、ut on her clothes and went out.S NP VPN VP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det N6Helen put on her clothes and went outORInflP(=S) NP Infl VPN Pst VP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.S NP VPN VP CON VPVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P NM
10、ary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsORInflP(=S) NP Infl VPN Pres VP CON VPVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsd) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.SS CON SNP VP NP VPDet N V Adv Det A N V Adv7The detective went out an
11、d the mysterious man came ine) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.SNP VPCPN V C SS CON SNP VP NP VPN Aux V Det N Aux VCrusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adj
12、ective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP VPCPN V C SNP VPNPN V NYou know that I hate warOR CPC InflP(=S)NP Infl VPCPN Pres V C SNP VPN V NPNYou know that I hate warb) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.8SNP VPCPN V C SNP
13、VPCPN V C SNP VPDet N VL AHe said that Tom asked whether the class was overc) Gerry cant believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP VPN VP NPCPAux Neg V NP C SDet N NP VPN V NPDet A NGerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English examd) Chris was happy that his father bough
14、t him a Rolls-Royce.SNP VPCPN VL A C SNP VPDet N V NP NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce e) The children argued over whether bats had wings.9SNP VPCPDet N VP C SV P NP VPN V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings7. Each of the following sentences contains a
15、 relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was too long.Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V AP C S Deg PNP Infl VPN V NPNThe essay he wrote that was too longSurface StructureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V AP C S Deg PNP NP Infl
16、 VP10N N Pst V NPNThe essay that he wrote e was too longb) The dog that he keeps bites.Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V C Infl SPres NP VPN V NPNThe dog he keeps that bitesSurface StructureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V 11C SNP NP Infl VPN N Pres V NPNThe dog that he keeps e bitesc) Herbert found the man sh
17、e loved.Deep structureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPCPDet N C SNP Infl VPNPN V NHerbert found the man she loved whoSurface Structure CPC SNP VP12N Infl V NPCPDet N SC NP Infl VPNP NPN V N NHerbert found the man (whom) she loved ed) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics.Deep structureCPC
18、SNP VPDet N CP V PPP NPC Infl SNNP VPPPN Adv VP NPV P NThe girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguisticsSurface StructureCP13C SNP VPDet N CP V PPP NPC SNNP NP Infl VPPPN N Adv VP NPV P NThe girl whom he often quarrels with e majors in linguistics8. The derivations of the following sentence
19、s involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.a) Would you come tomorrow?Deep structureCPC SVPNP AdvN Infl V you would come tomorrowSurface structureCPC SVPNP AdvInfl N Infl V would you e come tomorrow14b) Can you pass me
20、the newspaper?Deep structureCPC SVPNP NP NPN Infl V N Det Nyou can pass me the newspaperSurface structureCPC SVPInfl NP NP NPN Infl V N Det NCan you e pass me the newspaperc) Should the students report the incident?Deep structureCPC SVPNP NPDet N Infl V Det Nthe students should report the incidentSu
21、rface structureCPC SVPInfl NP NPDet N Infl V Det N15should the students e report the incidentd) What did you eat for lunch?Deep structureCPC SVPNP PPNP NPN Infl V PN Nyou did eat what for lunchSurface structureCPNP C SVPInfl NP PPNP NPN N Infl V PN Nwhat did you e eat e for lunche) Who should this b
22、e reported to ?Deep structureCPC SVPNP PPVP NPN Infl V V PNthis should be reported to whom16Surface structureCPNP C SVPN Infl NP PPVP NPN Infl V V PNwhom should this e be reported to ef) What was Helen bringing to the party?Deep structureCPC SVPNP PPNP NPN Infl V PN Det NHelen was bringing what to the partySurface structureCPNP C SVPN Infl NP PPNP NPN Infl V PN Det Nwhat was Helen e bringing e to the party17
